First week only $4.99! A: The question is based on mass spectroscopy. The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.066.0kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154157Jmol1K1. This quantity is correlated to the acidity of a solution: the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the lower the pH. The hydrogen centre in the carboxyl group (COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization: Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Three different theories define acid and base: The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions from acid molecules, the lower the pH of the solution and, consequently, the higher its acidity. Hey Itzel, pK a is when you take the -log 10 of your K a.Therefore, taking the -log 10 (1.8*10-5), we get a value of approximately 4.74 for our pK a for acetic acid.. Hope this helps! The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid. In the context of acidbase reactions, the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used,[12] where Ac in this case is a symbol for acetate (rather than acetyl). [Ar: Zn = 65.5; O = 16; H = 1] 1. The acetic acid was isolated by treatment with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid. The molarity of the hydrochloric acid used was 0.050 M. 15.00 mL of filtered Ca(OH) 2 was measured out for the titration.Calculate the [OH-] from the results of the titrations.Explain, please. This is the initial volume of HF, 25 mL, and the addition of NaOH, 26 mL. 150 mL of 0.17 M Benzoic acid ( HC6H5CO2 )with 0.34M NaOH(aq) after the following, A: The question is based on the concept of experimental Chemistry. What is the pH of a buffer that is .1 Molar in H2CO3 and 1M in NaHCO3? Answered: The pKa of acetic acid, C2H3O2 is 4.75. | bartleby Therefore to get the pOH we plug the concentration of OH- into the equation pH=-log(1.5075\times 10-6) and get pOH=5.82. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. [11] (The symbol Ac for the acetyl functional group is not to be confused with the symbol Ac for the element actinium; the context prevents confusion among organic chemists). Use our titration calculator to determine the molarity of your solution. Vapour concentrations of 1,000 ppm cause marked irritation of eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract and cannot be tolerated. Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction. Read the text below to find out what is the pH scale and the pH formula. [8] The reaction consists of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase. a) What quantity (moles) of NaOH must be added to 1.0 L of 1.8 M HC2H3O2 to produce a solution buffered at pH = pKa? In 1968, a rhodium-based catalyst (cis[Rh(CO)2I2]) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by-products. "Table of Common Ka Values for Weak Acids." The pH of blood is controlled by the buffering action of several conjugate acid-base pairs. 16.4: Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) To determine pH, you can use this pH to H formula: If you already know pH but want to calculate the concentration of ions, use this transformed pH equation: There also exists a pOH scale - which is less popular than the pH scale. [OH] = 1108, we need to calculate [H3O+], A: The given transformation involves two key steps such as The solution administered from the buret . Acetic acid that is manufactured by intent, rather than recovered from processing (such as the production of cellulose acetates, polyvinyl alcohol operations, and numerous acetic anhydride acylations). 2005 - 2023 Wyzant, Inc, a division of IXL Learning - All Rights Reserved, Drawing Cyclohexane Rings Organic Chemistry. [8][24], The primary use of acetic acid is the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). Some commercially significant derivatives: Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together account for another 510% of acetic acid use worldwide. 3.75 This problem has been solved! Interstellar acetic acid was discovered in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer[72] using the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Choose the option to determine pH with ion concentration in the calculator, and type in any of these four values! I was just wondering how you got the 4.0 x 10-4 for the acidionzation constant. So anything to the zeroth power is equal to one. Figure is used with the permission of J.A. Apart from the mathematical way of determining pH, you can also use pH indicators. The molarity of the hydrochloric acid used was 0.050 M. 15.00 mL of filtered Ca(OH) 2 was measured out for the titration. In the given compound isobutyl group is attached to, How would you make up 1 L of a 20X stock solution of the following buffer? The only exception is the stomach, where stomach acids can even reach a pH of 1. 12 ml Therefore the total volume is 25 mL + 25 mL = 50 mL, Concentration of F-:\(\dfrac{7.5 mmol F^{-}}{50 mL}=0.15M\), However, to get the pH at this point we must realize that F- will hydrolyze. The equilibrium in a mixture of H 3 O +, , and CH 3 CO 2 H is: The equilibrium constant for CH 3 CO 2 H is not given, so we look it up in Table E1: Ka = 1.8 10 5. The salt will hydrolyze as follows: C 2 H 3 O 2- + H 2 O ==> HC 2 H 3 O 2 + OH - And to find the [OH-], and thus the pOH and then the pH, we need either the Kb for C 2 H 3 O 2 - or the Ka for HC 2 H 3 O 2 (acetic acid). The water and other impurities will remain liquid while the acetic acid will precipitate out. In the middle of this gradually curve the half-neutralization occurs. When heated above 440C (824F), acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane, or to produce ketene and water:[60][61][62]. [43], Acetic acid injection into a tumor has been used to treat cancer since the 1800s. Two related processes exist for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process, and the iridium-catalyzed Cativa process. KC 2 H 3 O 2 is the salt of a weak acid (HC 2 H 3 O 2) and a strong base (KOH). The proportion of acetic acid used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application. Science Chemistry The pKa of acetic acid, C2H302, is 4.75. (Hemoglobin, a protein, is the red substance in the blood. The reaction of the weak acid, acetic acid, with a strong base, NaOH, can be seen below. In order to fully understand this type of titration the reaction, titration curve, and type of titration problems will be introduced. The major equilibria in the buffer system are represented above. The millimoles of OH- added in the 26 mL: \(26 mL * \dfrac{.3 mmol OH^{-1}}{1 mL} = 7.8 mmol OH^{-}\). A catalyst, metal carbonyl, is needed for the carbonylation (step 2).[27]. Calculate pH by using the pH to H formula: Of course, you don't have to perform all of these calculations by hand! The systematic name "ethanoic acid", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature. What is the pH of a buffer in which [HC2H3O2] = 0.20 M and [NaC2H3O2] = 2.0 M? Smith, Michael Abbott. 8.The synthesis of NH3 is represented by the equation above. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. B) If HCl(aq) is added, the pH will decrease only slightly because the H+ ions will react with C2H3O2 ions. Choosing an acid or base where pK a is close to the pH needed gives the best results. 2 moles of iron, A: 1 H NMR spectroscopy is useful to determine types of hydrogens, signals splitting etc hence we can, A: Mass of alkaline earth metal-hydroxide salt = M(OH)2 = 0.002 g To find the concentrations we must divide by the total volume. Endpoint Volume (8) 2 10 9 = ( x) ( x) ( 0.2 x) Step 5: Solve for x. Another 1.5Mt were recycled each year, bringing the total world market to 6.5Mt/a. You wish to prepare an HC 2 H 3 O 2 buffer with a pH of 5.14. We can call it [H+]. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/acids-and-bases-weak-acid-ka-values-603973. Suzy has the toy. Based on the Kb value, is the anion a. If the pH is higher, the solution is basic (also referred to as alkaline). The quadratic formula yields x=1.5075\times 10-6 and -1.5075\times 10-6 . t12=5days Acetic acid, CH3COOH, is a weak acid, meaning that it partially ionizes in aqueous solution to form hydronium cations, H3O+, and acetate anions, CH3COO. [21], Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. When I multiply it with Ksp, I didn't get the same answer as the given answer which is 0.904 gdm-3. = 1/2 (number of electrons in the bonding molecular orbital - number of electrons in the, A: The given reaction is a reduction reaction of alkene to alkane. The pH value is logarithmically and is inversely related to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. That is what our isoelectric point calculator determines. https://www.thoughtco.com/acids-and-bases-weak-acid-ka-values-603973 (accessed May 1, 2023). A: Heatreleasedbymetal=temperaturedifferancespecificheat, A: Isobutyl group contains four carbon atoms. Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid. 80 ml What is the pH at which a buffer composed of CH3NH2and CH3NH3+would be most effective at resisting pH change? [32], Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%. For Free. "Glacial acetic acid" is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. With [CH 3 CO 2 H] = = 0.10 M and [H 3 O +] = ~0 M, the reaction shifts to the right to form H 3 O +. If 30 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 40 mL of 0.20 M HC2H3O2, what is pH = pKa + log (A-/HA) 4.74 = 4.74 + log (A-/HA) Yes or No. Acetic Acid | CH3COOH or C2H4O2 | CID 176 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . Diazotization of aniline derivative to. You can also use the solution dilution calculator to calculate the concentration of ions in a diluted solution. It is a bit more tedious, but otherwise works the same way. Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and a certain extent in pure acetic acid,[16] but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents. The total volume is the 25 mL original solution of HF plus the 10 mL of NaOH that was added. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. c) Ag(NH3)2+(aq), because Keq3 = 1.6 x 107. Solved You wish to prepare an HC2H3O2 buffer with a pH - Chegg This iridium-catalyzed Cativa process is greener and more efficient[28] and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants. If you don't know, you can calculate it using our concentration calculator. H cannot form double or triple bond. The equilibrium constant, Keq, which roughly measures how how readily the reactants will become the products, will. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. An oxidation reaction is given using which the follow-up question, A: pH = 7, we need to calculate [H3O+] The pKa of acetic acid, C2H302, is 4.75. (1) C 2 H 4 O 2 ( a q) + O H ( a q) C 2 H 3 O 2 ( a q) + H 2 O ( l) In this reaction a buret is used to administer one solution to another. He holds bachelor's degrees in both physics and mathematics. Step 3: Plug in the information we found in the ICE table. This is because the solution is acting as a buffer. The approach will be based on utilizing a novel selective photocatalytic oxidation technology for the selective oxidation of ethylene and ethane to acetic acid. Chem 106 midterm 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Initial Buret Reading How to Calculate the Ka or Kb of a Solution - Study.com You are asked to make a buffer to a pH of 4.00 and you have the following acids to do it with (pKa in parentheses): chloroacetic (2.85), nitrous (3.16), lactic (3.86), acetic (4.75), and propionic (4.87). \(pH=pk_{a} + \log\dfrac{[A^{-}]}{[HA]}\), \(pH=-\log(6.6\times 10^{-4}) + \log\dfrac{.0857}{.1287}\), Example \(\PageIndex{3}\): After adding 12.50 mL of 0.3 M NaOH. How badly Billy wants the toy won't effect how much Suzy wants . A 0.200MHCN(aq) solution has a pH4.95. In more recent times, chemical company Showa Denko, which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in ita, Japan, in 1997, commercialised a cheaper single-stage conversion of ethylene to acetic acid. Now you know how to calculate pH using pH equations. What quantity in moles of CH3NH3Clneed to be added to 200.0 mL of a 0.500 M solution of, A: The question is based on the concept of chemical kinetics. Glucose: 9.008gTris: 3.02gEDTA:3.72G, if the ksp value of PbF2 is 3.3x10-8 what will be its solubility. It commonly ranges between 0 and 14 but can go beyond these values if sufficiently acidic/basic. The solution administered from the buret is called the titrant. This method was slow, however, and not always successful, as the vintners did not understand the process. This correlation derives from the tendency of an acidic substance to cause dissociation of water: the higher the dissociation, the higher the acidity. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): The titration of a weak acid with strong base. At the half-neutralization point we can simplify the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and use it. The image of a titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base is seen below. CH3COOH(aq) +H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) +CH3COO (aq) The position of the ionization equilibrium is given by the acid dissociation constant, Ka, which for acetic acid is equal to Ka = 1.8 105 Kf of AgNH32+=1107 Our bleach dilution calculator will tell you how much chlorine and water you need to mix together to create your desired bleach concentration. These predictions were based on animal experiments and industrial exposure. No packages or subscriptions, pay only for the time you need. Freyre under the Creative Commons Attributions-Share Alike 2.5 Generic. You wish to prepare an HC2H3O2 buffer with a pH of 4.24. If the pKa of Acetic acid - Wikipedia Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive to skin. The acid in your car's battery has a pH of about 0.5: don't put your hands in there! Select your chemical and its concentration, and watch it do all the work for you. Below is an example of this process. Then, watch as the tool does all the work for you! An acetate buffer solution is prepared by combining 50. mL of a 0.20 M The pH of our stomach varies from 1.5 to 3.5: our stomach is quite acidic! With this pH calculator, you can determine the pH of a solution in a few ways. At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter, rather than using Clostridium and concentrating it. [24], Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation. A 5.0 mL sample of 0.10 M NaOH (aq) is added to the buffer solution. Start your trial now! Ksp= [Ca2+][OH]2 Will Taylor obtain high yield of maroon using C6H5NH3Cl? What is the pH a buffer solution containing 0.35 M acetic acid and 0.39 M sodium acetate where the pKa of acetic acid is 4.75? A link to the app was sent to your phone. Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of H+ from acetic acid. Therefore to get the pH we plug the concentration of H3O+ into the equation pH=-log(0.013745) and get pH=1.86, Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): After adding 10 mL of 0.3 M NaOH. 2. Acid, Base, and Buffer Titration Problem | Physics Forums The 7.8 mmol OH- neutralizes the 7.50 mmol HCl. Which of the following mathematical expressions can be used to correctly calculate S for SO2(g) ? These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil. A: From given moles of HClO2 and volume of solution we can calculate the Molarity of HClO2. . A: A question based on reactions of alkenes. pH = pka + log ( [A]/ [HA]) SHOW YOUR WORK For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). A: Amides on reduction with LiAlH4 form amines. This amount is greater then the moles of acid that is present. What is the pH of a buffer in which [HC2H3O2] = 2.0 M and [NaC2H3O2] = 0.20 M? We're going to start with the simplest possible scenario, which is that pH is equal to pK_a. The equation is given as: pH = pKa + log ([base]/[acid]) ---> 1. Acid and Base Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700750C. 1.The reaction between SO2 and O2 is represented by the chemical equation above. 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2FeCl3(s) To get the concentration we must divide by the total volume. 12.60ml, How would you make up 1 Liter of the following buffer? When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. In 2008, this application was estimated to consume a third of the world's production of acetic acid. The pKa of acetic acid, C2H3O2 is 4.75. It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid. [32], Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation, the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde. The equation at the half-neutralization point will be \(pH=pk_{a} +log(1)\) which equals \(pH=pk_{a}\), Example \(\PageIndex{4}\): After adding 25 mL of 0.3 M NaOH. The value of Ka is used to calculate the pH of weak acids. [38] In this method, alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution. 3. Rate constant (k) =? [24], Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally. We know that \(log(1) =0\) and therefore the ratio of conjugant base to acid will be zero as well. However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines. (time, A: Glyceryl Trilaurate is represented as follows. The initial no. 4 statement about gases are given among them the most, A: Answer: Other processes are methyl formate isomerization, conversion of syngas to acetic acid, and gas phase oxidation of ethylene and ethanol. Freyre. Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). Ksp= [Ca2+][OH]2 An ICE table for this reaction must be constructed. Based on the equilibrium constant, K, and Hrxn given above, which of the following can best be used to justify that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable at 298K and constant pressure? You are correct about A. Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 10th Edition ISBN: 9781337399074 Author: John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel Publisher: Cengage Learning See similar textbooks Related questions Concept explainers Question 11: Titration of Vinegar (Experiment) - Chemistry LibreTexts A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will provide the solution only to the, A: The solubility product constant (Ksp) for lead(II) hydroxide Pb(OH)2 is 1.2 10-15 at 25C. A: Alkynes in the presence of Na, liq NH3 form trans-alkene. What is the effective pH range of a buffer (relative to the pKa of the weak acid component)? 12 ml "Table of Common Ka Values for Weak Acids." Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles & Modern Application, 9th Edition. Solved The pKa of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, is 4.75. What is - Chegg The Ka of boric acid is 1.75 x 10-5, What is the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.50 M in formic acid (HCHO2) and 1.0 M in sodium formate (NaCHO2)? pH Calculator | How To Calculate pH? (change mM into M) Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride:[41], Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent. First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid. 2. [a] However, in very dilute (< 106 M) solution acetic acid is >90% dissociated. A: The question is based on the concept of IR spectroscopy . The reaction of the weak acid, acetic acid, with a strong base, NaOH, can be seen below. Not to be confused with, Vinegar (when dilute); Hydrogen acetate; Methanecarboxylic acid; Ethylic acid, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Two typical organic reactions of acetic acid. Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi[sv].[26]. K2CrO4 was. Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can be formed. The atom calculator finds the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. \[C_2H_4O_{2(aq)} + OH^-_{(aq)} \rightarrow C_2H_3O^-_{2(aq)} + H_2O_{(l)} \label{1}\]. pH = pka + log([A]/[HA]) SHOW YOUR WORK Which of the following correctly describes what occurs if a small amount of HCl(aq) or NaOH(aq) is added? pH, Ka, and pKa are all related to each other. The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the third century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. What quantity (moles) of NaOH must be added to 1.0 L of 1.8 M HC2H3O2 pH=pKa+log. About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol, explained below. All of the characteristics described above can be seen within it. To find how much OH- will be in excess we subtract the amount of acid and hydroxide. [39], Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. Determine the [OH-] and the [H+], and the pH of the following solutions. [75], The hazards of solutions of acetic acid depend on the concentration. m = mass in grams =? ', Find the pH during the titration of 20.00 mL of 0.1000 Mtri-ethylamine, (CHCH)N (K(b)=5.2X10), with 0.1000 M HCl solution after the following additions of titrant:(a) 0 mL(b) 10.00 mL(c) 15.00 mL(d) 19.00 mL(e) 19.95 mL(f ) 20.00 mL(g) 20.05 mL(h) 25.00 mL. D Acetate C2H3O2- Species pH >4.7 A student pours a 10.0mL sample of a solution containing HC2H3O2 (pKa=4.8) and NaC2H3O2 into a test tube. It can convert pH to H+, as well as calculate pH from the ionization constant and concentration. Calculate the base 10 logarithm of this quantity: log10([H+]). Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar in concentrations of only a few per cent, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar in concentrations up to 20%. This is because the anion of the weak acid becomes a common ion that reduces the ionization of the acid. 1 With higher alkanes (starting with octane), acetic acid is not miscible at all compositions, and solubility of acetic acid in alkanes declines with longer n-alkanes. For example, the pH of blood should be around 7.4. In this reaction a buret is used to administer one solution to another. An acid-base titration is the method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of an acid and base by exactly neutralizing it with a standard solution of base or acid having known concentration. Ksp= 2.010-29. A 1.0M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated. Therefore, the total volume is \(25 mL + 10 mL = 35 mL\). Organic or inorganic salts are produced from acetic acid. Now, you can also easily determine pOH and a concentration of hydroxide ions using the formulas: Alternatively, you can find a chemical from the lists (of acids or bases). This is an electrophilic addition, A: Aldol condensation is such type of condensation reaction where two same or different carbonyl, A: Lattice energy is defined as the energy required to convert one mole of an ionic solid into its, A: Dalton's law states that the partial pressure of any gas in a gaseous mixture is given by the. The trivial name "acetic acid" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. [64] Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapours.[65]. PH is defined as the negative of the base-ten logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions present in the solution. [47][48][49] It may be used to treat skin infections caused by pseudomonas strains resistant to typical antibiotics. With a relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) of 6.2, it dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils as well as polar solutes. I know the answer for A is [OH-] and [H+] is 1.0x10-7 because KCl is neutral due to coming from a strong acid and a strong base. Concentrated acetic acid can be ignited only with difficulty at standard temperature and pressure, but becomes a flammable risk in temperatures greater than 39C (102F), and can form explosive mixtures with air at higher temperatures (explosive limits: 5.416%). As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film. Aproducts What is the pH of a buffer solution containing HAc and NaAc after enough NaAc has been added to make a solution of 0.1 M with respect to Hac? What is the pH effective buffer range of the solution? The. To calculate the pH with this addition of base we must use an ICE Table, However, this only gives us the millimoles. Determine x and equilibrium concentrations. Initial Buret Reading These characteristics are stated below. PDF Table of Acids with Ka and pKa Values* CLAS - UC Santa Barbara
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