20. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . Use good judgment and stay safe. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Although there are relatively few visitors to Hetch Hetchy, youll find most of them along the trail to Wapama Fall. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. it to the people. On December 19, 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed the Raker Act which permitted the building of the OShaughnessy Dam and the flooding of the Hetch Hethcy Valley in Yosemite National Park. Why did women's clubs begin? Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? causing much controversy. What impact did it have on reform? Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. Most people turn around here anyway. Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. Aspire to be professionals. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. B. led to a diversification of research interests. The first is utilitarian conservation. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. . One freezing night on the commission trip, the two talked until midnight, huddled around a campfire on the south rim of the Grand Canyon. Fight for their civil rights. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Why did voter turnout decline? At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. Socialist Party of America What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? Some argued that women had the same "natural rights" -women deserved the same rights as Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. It damming in the 1920's caused major controversy among environmentalists. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. First major political debate over environment. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. Level. Modern positive or normative? Describe the founding of the NAACP. o Social work Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Some embraced it while others rejected it. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. How did the following influence reform: special experiences and special sensitivities. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. In 1909, Taft's popularity with reformers was destroyed for good. Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? What is the Nineteenth Amendment? Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. A full breakfast is served in the dining room. John Muir once described Hetch Hetchy Valley as, a grand landscape garden, one of Natures rarest and most precious mountain temples.. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Is your answer Whom did the party nominate? He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. On returning home, he asked an Indian chief the name of the valley. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. Money became extremely tight. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the There is no Starbucks here no daily parade of tour buses and RVs. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. conditions of the industrial workplace. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. . For John Muir, it was about preserving a natural wonder which could be enjoyed by generations to come. B. Republicans usually held a majority in the Senate. neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? How did they accomplish their goals? There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. An advantage which Phelan, Pinchot and other supporters of the dam project enjoyed was a divided opposition. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. But it was later struck down by the court. In spite of Muirs eloquent and heated objections, the Raker Act was signed into law in December of 1913. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. Finally, with the railroad complete, teams broke ground on the OShaughnessy Dam on August 1, 1919. Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. Be specific. How was it alleviated? Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. Explain. Total Cards. Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. should be reserved, protected, and administered by the Federal Government . Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. RELATED: A Woman Started The Environmental Movement (Can It Continue?). We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. Controversy continues to swirl around the Hetch Hetchy Dam even now. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. What was the WCTU? Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. Explain. They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. Waterfalls gushed at Hetch Hetchy after an atmospheric river event in October 2021. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? o Secret ballot The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. . "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. After 2.5 miles (4.0 km), youll reach the Wapama Falls Bridge with an up-close view of the lowest section of Wapama Falls. Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? These helped to advance the Photo: Kim Lawson. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. o Led by Eugene Debs The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. Referendum: The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? of terror in the first years of the twentieth century. Not to be outdone by Los Angeles, San Francisco had a greater feat in mind: dam the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park and pipe the water into San Francisco. As it debated this legislation, Congress negotiated the fate of a federally protected valley located in Yosemite National Park-asking should the dam be built or the valley preserved? The Tuolumne River continues through Tuolumne Meadows and the associated park developments at an elevation of 8,600 feet. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?.
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