Gore, Michael. Suppose the amplitudes at the two selected wavelength are P1 and P2 at 1 and 2 (where Y has the same amplitude), respectively, then; The concentration of X is calculated using the regression equation representing the linear correlation between the differences of ratio spectra amplitude at the two selected wavelengths to the corresponding concentrations of drug (X). Shukla D, Konar S, Devi BI, Padmasri G, Jayanna R, Suresh M, Lakshita B. A correlation was obtained between the amplitude difference at 261.2 and 277.2nm at which PAP have the same amplitude \(\left( {\Delta {\text{P}}_{\text{PAP}} = {\text{P}}_{ 1} - {\text{P}}_{ 2} = {\text{zero}}} \right)\) and the corresponding PCT concentration was plotted from which its concentration could be determined as shown in Fig. Biochem Pharmacol 56:12291236, Article If we have a mixture of four drugs (X, Y, Z and W), dividing the spectrum of the quaternary mixture by the sum of the normalized spectra of Z and W (Z+W) as a divisor, a constant value is generated in a certain region of wavelengths. Note that distance from phantom surface through CSF layer is 1.1cm. Also it needs no tedious conditions optimization as that required for the chromatographic method. By substituting the absorbance difference A (AisoA2) between the two selected wavelengths of the mixture spectrum in the above equation, the absorbance Apostulated corresponding to the absorbance of CAF only at Aiso was obtained. Variations in hematoma inclusion position during lateral sensitivity measurements. Principles of pulse oximetry. The proposed methods also showed the significance of isoabsorptive point, normalized spectra as divisors and dual wavelengths as powerful tools that could either be used alone or in combination with each other for the resolution of severely overlapped spectra without preliminary separation. Validity of non-invasive point-of-care hemoglobin estimation in healthy and sick children-a method comparison study. FOIA Structural formulae for a drotaverine, b caffeine, c paracetamol, d para-aminophenol. Biomed Res Int. Ratio spectra of DRO (solid line), CAF (dashed line), PCT (dotted line) and their ternary mixture (dashed dotted line) containing 10g/mL of each using normalized DRO spectrum as a divisor. Different applications of isosbestic points, normalized spectra and dual wavelength as powerful tools for resolution of multicomponent mixtures with severely overlapping spectra, $${\text{P}}_{ 1} = \left[ {{\text{C}}_{\text{x}} } \right]\; + \;\left[ {{\text{C}}_{\text{Y}} } \right]\; + \;\left[ {{\text{a}}_{\text{z1}} {\text{C}}_{\text{z}} } \right]/{\text{a}}_{\text{x}}$$, $${\text{P}}_{ 2} = \;\left[ {{\text{C}}_{\text{x}} } \right]\; + \;\left[ {{\text{C}}_{\text{Y}} } \right]\; + \;\left[ {{\text{a}}_{\text{z2}} {\text{ C}}_{\text{z}} } \right]/{\text{a}}_{\text{x}}$$, $${\text{P}}_{ 1} - {\text{P}}_{ 2} = \left( {\frac{{a_{z} C_{z} }}{{a_{x} }}} \right)1 - \left( {\frac{{a_{z} C_{z} }}{{a_{x} }}} \right)2$$, $${\text{Pm}}_{ 1} = {\text{P}}_{\text{X1}} \; + \;{\text{P}}_{\text{Y1}} \quad {\text{at }}\lambda_{ 1}$$, $${\text{Pm}}_{ 2} = {\text{P}}_{\text{X2}} \; + \;{\text{P}}_{\text{Y2}} \quad {\text{at }}\lambda_{ 2}$$, $${\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} = {\text{P}}_{\text{Y1}} /{\text{P}}_{\text{Y2}}$$, $$\therefore {\text{P}}_{\text{Y1}} = {\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{P}}_{\text{Y2}}$$, $${\text{Pm}}_{ 1} = {\text{P}}_{\text{X1}} \; + \;{\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{P}}_{\text{Y2}}$$, $${\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{Pm}}_{ 2} = {\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{P}}_{\text{X2}} \; + \;{\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{P}}_{\text{Y2}}$$, $$\Delta {\text{P }}\left( {{\text{Pm}}_{ 1} \;{-}\;{\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{Pm}}_{ 2} } \right) = {\text{A}}_{\text{X1}} \; - \;{\text{F}}_{\text{Y}} {\text{A}}_{\text{X2}}$$, $${\text{Pm}} = \frac{{a_{X} C_{X} }}{{a_{Z} + a_{W} }}\; + \,\frac{{a_{Y} C_{Y} }}{{a_{Z} + a_{W} }}\; + \;{\text{constant}}$$, $${\text{P}}_{ 1} = \frac{{a_{X} C_{X} }}{{[a_{Z} + a_{W} ]1}} + \frac{{a_{Y} C_{Y} }}{{[a_{Z} + a_{W} ]1}} + {\text{constant}}$$, $${\text{P}}_{ 2} = \frac{{a_{X} C_{X} }}{{[a_{Z} + a_{W} ]2}} + \frac{{a_{Y} C_{Y} }}{{[a_{Z} + a_{W} ]2}} + {\text{constant}}$$, $$\frac{{a_{Y} C_{Y} }}{{[a_{Z}\,+\,a_{W} ]1}} = \frac{{a_{Y} C_{Y} }}{{[a_{Z}\,+\,a_{W} ]2}}$$, $${\text{P}}_{ 1} - {\text{P}}_{ 2} = \left( {\frac{{a_{X} C_{X} }}{{a_{Z + } a_{W} }}} \right)1 - \left( {\frac{{a_{X} C_{X} }}{{a_{Z + } a_{W} }}} \right)2$$, \(\left( {{\text{F}} \; = \; \left[ {{\text{P}}_{ 2 6 5} /{\text{P}}_{ 2 9 5} } \right] \; = \; 5. The structures of the studied drugs are presented in Fig. The factor that equalize the amplitude of CAF at the selected wavelengths was calculated \(\left( {{\text{F}}\, = \;\left[ {{\text{P}}_{ 2 5 7} /{\text{P}}_{ 2 30} } \right] \; = \; 4. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The proposed methods were assessed by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the studied drugs. The absorption coefficient of a glycogen-iodine complex is 0.20 at light of 450 nm. Pulse Oximetry | SpringerLink The site is secure. Isosbestic points are also used in clinical chemistry, as a quality assurance method, to verify the accuracy in the wavelength of a spectrophotometer. Chemistry Central Journal A quaternary mixture of drotaverine (DRO), caffeine (CAF), paracetamol (PCT) and para-aminophenol (PAP) was taken as an example for application of the proposed techniques without any separation steps. Development and validation of a noncontact spectroscopic device for hemoglobin estimation at point-of-care. Subtracting the postulated absorbance of CAF at Aiso from the practically recorded absorbance [ARecorded] at Aiso to get that corresponding to PCT. The spectra of the prepared standard solutions were scanned from 200 to 400nm and stored in the computer against methanol as a blank. This is done by measuring the spectra of a standard substance at two different pH conditions (above and below the pKa of the substance). 2019 Feb;24(5):1-10. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.24.5.051411. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254629. Interpreting A1C: Diabetes and Hemoglobin Variants Drotaverine, caffeine, paracetamol and para-aminophenol, the main degradation product and synthetic impurity of Paracetamol quaternary mixture was taken as a model for application of the proposed methods. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Sep Sci Tech 50:592603, Issa YM, Hassoun ME, Zayed AG (2012) Simultaneous determination of paracetamol, caffeine, domperidone, ergotamine tartrate, propyphenazone, and drotaverine HCl by high performance liquid chromatography. However, due to the low satisfaction rate, invasive solutions are still assumed as the gold standard. 2021 Jul 16;16(7):e0254629. hematoma detection; lighttissue interaction; near-infrared spectroscopy; standardization; tissue phantoms; traumatic brain injury. A study of different novel and smart spectrophotometric techniques for resolution of severely overlapping spectra were presented in this work utilizing isosbestic points present in different absorption spectra, normalized spectra as a divisor and dual wavelengths. In spectroscopy, an isosbestic point is a specific wavelength, wavenumber or frequency at which the total absorbance of a sample does not change during a chemical reaction or a physical change of the sample. Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science & Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University, Cairo, 12311, Egypt, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, 11795, Egypt, You can also search for this author in August Beer, German Physicist (1825-1863), Beer's Law is given by:A=ln(Io/I) Where:A is the absorbance - how much light is absorbed while passing through the filter I is the intensity of light transmitted Io is the original intensity of light before passing through the filter. Intracerebral hematomas are detectable to a maximum depth of 2.5 cm, depending on thickness and diameter. [21] developed derivative ratio spectrophotometry (1DD) method to remove the interference of one component and to determine the other. Optical Properties and Fluence Distribution in Rabbit Head Tissues at Selected Laser Wavelengths. Caffeine (CAF) 1,3,7-Trimethylpurine-2,6-Dione, is an adenosine receptor antagonist and adenosine 3,5cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitor, thus levels of cAMP increase in cells following treatment with caffeine [2, 3]. An isosbestic point is the wavelength in which the absorbance of two or more species are the same. The advantage of this method over the advanced absorbance subtraction method is the complete cancelling of the interfering component in the form of constant where the difference at any two points along its ratio spectrum will be equal to zero. Non-invasive hemoglobin measurement devices require refinement to match diagnostic performance with their high level of usability and acceptability. Hemoglobin is an essential biomolecule for the transportation of oxygen, therefore, its assessment is also important to be done frequently in numerous clinical practices. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. The magnetic properties of hemoglobin (Hb) and its derivative forms have been documented since the 1930's . The diodes are switched on in sequence, with a pause . 10b. Bhat A, Upadhyay A, Jaiswal V, Chawla D, Singh D, Kumar M, Yadav CP. Pure samplesdrotaverine (DRO) was kindly supplied by Alexandria Pharmaceuticals and Chemical Industries, Alexandria, Egypt. -, Bir S. C., et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. PMC 11a. Also when the generated constant was multiplied by the first derivative of normalized spectrum of DRO used as divisor, the (D1) spectrum of DRO in the mixture was obtained and then subtracted from the total (D1) of the quaternary mixture via spectrum subtraction technique the spectrum of the first derivative of the resolved ternary mixture of CAF, PCT and PAP was obtained and PAP was determined by measuring the peak amplitude at 314.3nm where CAF and PAP showed no contribution as shown in Fig. 2017;2017:1846830. doi: 10.1155/2017/1846830. We developed a ratiometric method capable of estimating total hemoglobin concentration from optically measured diffuse reflectance spectra. Derivative transformation [12], spectrum subtraction [13], amplitude factor [14], advanced absorbance subtraction method (AAS) [15], advanced amplitude modulation method (AAM) [15] and simultaneous derivative ratio (S1DD) [16] are well developed method that were successfully adopted for resolution of overlapped spectra of binary mixtures. The absorption spectra of CAF and PCT are severely overlapped in the wavelength region of 200300nm and intersect at 3 isoabsorptive point 226.9, 263.6 and 292nm where the mixture of the drugs acts as a single component and give the same absorbance value as pure drug. b Ratio absorption spectra of 10g/mL PCT (dotted line), 10g/mL CAF (dashed line) and the binary mixture of CAF and PCT 10g/mL of each (dotted straight line) obtained after division by the normalized spectra of PCT. The stored (D0) spectra of DRO were divided by (a) the normalized spectrum of CAF, (b) the normalized spectrum of DRO, (c) sum of normalized spectrum of CAF and PAP, separately. Each drug in the quaternary mixture can be determined and analysed by more than one method using different approaches. SHM revised the manuscript, revised the data and the figures, and collected the data. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable.
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