Mary, on her return to Scotland, brought an entourage of French staff who are considered responsible for revolutionising Scots cooking and for some of Scotland's unique food terminology. ), A Source Book Of Scottish History, Nelson and Sons Ltd, Edinburgh 1952, p.205, Minutes of the Football Association of 3 October 1872, London, Forrest L. Richardson (2002). Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. Only 2% of the entire world's population has green eyes. Your eye color is unique to you. James married Henry's daughter, Margaret Tudor. [67][68], After another proposal from the English House of Lords was rejected in 1695, and a further Lords motion was voted down in the House of Commons in 1700, the Parliament of Scotland again rejected union in 1702. 0 Shop NowFind Eye Doctor Conditions Conditions Eye Conditions, A-Z Eye Conditions, A-Z [415] Use of a simplified symbol associated with Saint Andrew, the saltire, has its origins in the late 14th century; the Parliament of Scotland decreeing in 1385 that Scottish soldiers should wear a white Saint Andrew's Cross on the front and back of their tunics. Selective Photothermolysis for Skin Conditions, Novel quantitative pigmentation phenotyping enhances genetic association, epistasis, and prediction of human eye colour, Iris colour classification scalesthen and now. [148] In comparison, much of lowland Scotland receives less than 800mm (31in) annually. This has been combined with a rise in the service sector of the economy, which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland. [371] Scotland's rail network has 359 railway stations and around 1,710 miles (2,760km) of track. [217] Education remained a matter for the church rather than the state until the Education (Scotland) Act 1872. MSPs normally serve for a five-year period. American Academy of Ophthalmology. [351] The highest paid industries in Scotland tend of be in the utility electricity, gas and air conditioning sectors, with average hourly rates of 21GBP. 23 Wondervv Italy 3 yr. ago If you produce less pigment, then you end up with blue or green eyes. This rose to 5,295,400, the highest ever, at the 2011 Census. People with green eyes still have more color than people with blue eyes, but they have significantly less color than most others. "Article 19: The Scottish legal system and its courts was to remain unchanged": "Law and institutions, Gaelic" & "Law and lawyers" in M. Lynch (ed.). Inter-ministerial Standing Committee Council, represented by relevant cabinet secretaries and ministers in areas relating to education, finance and economy, environment and trade and investment. [162] The UK's tallest tree is a grand fir planted beside Loch Fyne, Argyll in the 1870s, and the Fortingall Yew may be 5,000 years old and is probably the oldest living thing in Europe. Parents can also be carriers for recessive genes. Eye colors can be many different shades of: People with blue eyes dont actually have blue-colored pigment. Melanin is a naturally occurring pigment that gives color to skin, hair and eyes. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [249][250] Conservative, Labour and Liberal Democrat parties also represent Scottish constituencies in the House of Commons. [247] The next Scottish Parliament election is due to be held on 7 May 2026. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/why-are-brown-eyes-most-common. No two people have the exact same color eyes. Additionally, there is naturally an overlap between the genes which have been implicated in the variation of skin, hair and eye pigmentation, though the details of exact relationship between the genetic architecture of these traits must be kept in mind so as to explain relatively dark-skinned individuals with light eye color (such as the actressStacey Dash, who is of Native American, African American and European American ancestry). Today we can say with reasonable certainty that about half a dozen genes account for almost all the between population variation in pigmentation. Nevertheless, one concern in modeling hair and eye color as opposed to skin color is that in the case of the latter there has been significant quantitatization in the form of skin reflectance values (those with dark skin naturally absorb more radiation from a source). Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the Scotland for more than 1,400 years. [39]:1314[41]:38, The Antonine Wall was built from 142 at the order of Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius (r.138161), defending the Roman part of Scotland from the unadministered part of the island, north of a line between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth. One study found that the red hair-green eyes genetic combination is one of the rarest, at -0.14 . Hazel eyes are most common in North Africa, the Middle East, Brazil, and Spain. Over fifty percent of the world's population has brown eyes, with nearly all individuals from Africa and Asia sharing brown eye color. [149], Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. The combination of pigments and how they are distributed determine your specific hue. [44] Along this line, Trajan's successor Hadrian (r.117138) erected Hadrian's Wall in northern England[39]:12 and the Limes Britannicus became the northern border of the Roman Empire. If one parent is redheaded and the other isnt, the chances their child will have red hair is about 50 percent, though the shade of red may vary greatly. MC1R variation correlated, as expected, with the red dimension of colorimetric hair colour in Scots. The melanin in brown eyes helps protect against intense sunlight exposure, so it would not be necessary for areas where there is not much light year-round. [49]:47[51] In 1294, Balliol and other Scottish lords refused Edward's demands to serve in his army against the French. How people reacted to John Logie Baird's creation 90 years ago", "Newspapers and National Identity in Scotland", "Great Scottish Movies Scotland is Now", "Disney Pixar's Brave Locations & Setting", "Scotland braces for 'Netflix effect' as TV film about Robert the Bruce is launched", "BBC Studios Scripted Continuing Drama River City", "BBC Two Doors Down comes calling again with series four Media Centre", "Lesley Fitz-Simons: Scottish actress known for her role in Take the High Road", "Amazon Commissions UK Supernatural Thriller Series 'The Rig' with 'Bodyguard' Director John Strickland & Wild Mercury", "Celtic connections:Scotland's premier winter music festival", "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient", "Welcome to the Pan Celtic 2010 Home Page", "Feature: Saint Andrew seals Scotland's independence", "Explanatory Notes to St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007", "Scottish fact of the week: Scotland's official animal, the Unicorn", "The Auld Alliance and its Influence on Scottish Cuisine", "Traditional Scottish Food Brief History of Food in Scotland", "The colourful history of a fascinating game. DOI: Frost P, et al. Dl Riata and the Cruthin" [Internet] In: www.academia.edu. Remember that hair has two primary pigments, eumelanin, the brown one which we are familiar with, and. In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007, designating the day an official bank holiday. The British Parliament retains control over reserved matters specified in the Scotland Act 1998, including taxes, social security, defence, international relations and broadcasting. [341] It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly. In return for surrendering Scotland's nominal independence, John Balliol was pronounced king in 1292. Following this, the newly developed football became the most popular sport in Scotland. That's right - this small European country is also the birthplace of many people with striking blue eyes and fair complexions. Why are my eyes changing color? People with green eyes have a bit more melanin than people with blue eyes. However, Caucasian males are more likely to have blue eyes than females, research shows. [180][181] Scottish Standard English, a variety of English as spoken in Scotland, is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with broad Scots at the other. American Academy of Ophthalmology. [350] The top eight local authorities for pay by where people live are; East Renfrewshire (20.87GBP per hour), East Dunbartonshire (17.56GBP per hour), Renfrewshire (15.34GBP per hour), Edinburgh (15.26GBP per hour), South Lanarkshire (15.22GBP per hour), Stirling (14.96GBP per hour), the Shetland Isles (14.90GBP per hour), Glasgow (14.68GBP per hour), Na h-Eileanan Siar (14.68GBP per hour) and Midlothian (14.55GBP per hour). Therefore, green eyes are among the most unusual eye colors in the world. In general, only the more accessible and larger islands remain inhabited. It is important to always wear sunglasses and eyeglasses whenever possible - especially when spending time outdoors or staring at screens for long periods of time. [292], Following the European Union Referendum Act 2015, the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum was held on 23 June 2016 on Britain's membership of the European Union. [408] Dumbarton Studios, located in Dumbarton is largely used for BBC Scotland programming, used for the filming and production of television programmes such as Still Game, River City, Two Doors Down, and Shetland. The lighter the hue of an eye, the more sensitive to light it is. Which Eye Colors Are the Rarest? - All About Vision The darkest pigment is eumelanin, a black-brown hue abundant in dark eyes. Many laws differ between Scotland and the other parts of the United Kingdom, and many terms differ for certain legal concepts. Pale blue or light grey eyes are more sensitive to light than dark blue eyes. Plus, they may require more anesthetic during surgery or local anesthesia. The First Minister, other cabinet secrateries and junior ministers of the Scottish Government are in daily communication relating to areas of national and international interest, discussing joint policy making and strengthening approaches to working together. Red hair is the result of a genetic variant that causes the body's skin cells and hair cells to produce more of one particular type of melanin and less of another. Scientists believe comedian and presenter Fred MacAuley's ancestors were slaves, sold at the great slave market in Dublin in the 9th Century, despite his name suggesting a Viking heritage. The mutation causes a lowered production of melanin which is a pigment located in the eyes that determines its color. Whilst there are no formal concordats between the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive, ministers from each devolved government meet at various points throughout the year at various events such as the British-Irish Council and also meet to discuss matters and issues that are devolved to each government. People with this condition may have different colors within one eye (for example, the iris may be half one color and half another). Eye Color Percentages: Across the Globe, Effect on Health, More [185] Others speak Highland English. Followed by green and then grey. The majority of the world's population has brown eyes, about 70-80%. Who makes the plaid blue coat Jesse stone wears in Sea Change? Although Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, the largest city is Glasgow, which has just over 584,000 inhabitants. The stunning combination of blue eyes and sandy brown or blonde hair is much sought after in other countries, but very much the norm here. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, which legislates for Scotland. Providers believe this is because brown pigment may offer the eyes more protection, lowering the risk of these diseases. It seems that red-hair can be conceived as a serial loss of function across many genes; in other words, a wide range of pigment producing genes have to have reduced function. Variations of football have been played in Scotland for centuries, with the earliest reference dating back to 1424. [33], Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels. In 2011 just over half (54%) of the Scottish population reported being a Christian while nearly 37% reported not having a religion in a 2011 census. Heterochromia and Anisocoria Heterochromia and anisocoria are sometimes mistaken for each other. [214] In the Reformation, the 1560 First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible. Scientists believe that the first blue-eyed person had a genetic mutation that caused the body to produce less melanin. We assayed the hair of a population of individuals of Scottish origin using tristimulus colorimetry, in order to produce a quantitative measure of hair colour. With eye and hair color categorical labeling discards useful information in the form of phenotypic variance which is artificially collapsed into a few classes. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. [107] Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig was Britain's commander on the Western Front. On the west coast, remnants of ancient Celtic Rainforest still remain, particularly on the Taynish peninsula in Argyll, these forests are particularly rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout Scottish history. Melanin is responsible for skin color, eye color, and numerous other colors throughout the body. , which results in a reddish tint. [451] The Scottish Rugby Union is the second oldest rugby union in the world. Scottish women, for the most part, have a light brown or red hair, which makes them very elegant and aristocratic. [98] In the late 19th century growing divisions between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893. Scottish entrants have won many awards since the festival began in 1980. [64] Jacobitism, the political support for the exiled Catholic Stuart dynasty, remained a threat to the security of the British state under the Protestant House of Orange and the succeeding House of Hanover until the defeat of the Jacobite rising of 1745. [97], After prolonged years of struggle in the Kirk, the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly in 1834 and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. [426], The national animal of Scotland is the unicorn, which has been a Scottish heraldic symbol since the 12th century. Though about 1-2% of the general world population has the red hair gene, that percentage rises to 2 to 6 percent north of the equator. - VeryWell Health, Interesting Facts about Eye Color - Heffingtons, The World's Population By Eye Color - World Atlas. Scotland's only major city outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen. By the end of the tenth century, the Pictish language went extinct as its speakers shifted to Gaelic. Petroleum related industries associated with the extraction of North Sea oil have also been important employers from the 1970s, especially in the north-east of Scotland. As in World War I, Scapa Flow in Orkney served as an important Royal Navy base. Exports increased by 87% in the decade to 2012[340] and were valued at 4.3billion in 2013, which was 85% of Scotland's food and drink exports. The Most Common Eye Colors - Change My Eyes [414] Following the death of King Alexander III in 1286 an image of Andrew was used on the seal of the Guardians of Scotland who assumed control of the kingdom during the subsequent interregnum. [172], Over the course of its history, Scotland has long had a tradition of migration from Scotland and immigration into Scotland. (2009). [45][46] The Roman influence on the southern part of the country was considerable, and they introduced Christianity to Scotland. Before the formation of the Scottish Division, the Scottish infantry was organised into a Lowland Brigade and Highland Brigade. The main Scottish commercial television station is STV which broadcasts on two of the three ITV regions of Scotland. G. Robb, "Popular Religion and the Christianization of the Scottish Highlands in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". Tiree, in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May 1975. [295][296][297] In June 2022, Sturgeon announced plans to hold a referendum on 19 October 2023. Providers use prostaglandins to treat glaucoma. Conti and Napoleon both share the M34 marker, which is Saracen in origin. Thats followed by blonde hair. In 2011, 43,700 people moved from Wales, Northern Ireland or England to live in Scotland. The Danish population was assigned into categorical hair colour groups. Although forts erected by the Roman army of the Severan campaign were placed near those established by Agricola and were clustered at the mouths of the glens in the Highlands, the Caledonians were again in revolt in 210211 and these were overrun. Scientists believe that all blue-eyed people can be traced back to a common ancestor, who probably had a genetic mutation that reduced their melanin in the iris. A small range of products were exported from the region, which had negligible industrial production and a continued population growth that tested the subsistence agriculture. ", "Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill", "Parliamentary and local election terms extended", "People: Who runs the Scottish Government", "John Swinney to be minister for Covid recovery", "Scotland election results 2019: SNP wins election landslide in Scotland", "General election 2017: SNP lose a third of seats amid Tory surge", "Alister Jack: What do we know about the new Scottish Secretary? Melanocytes are melanin-forming cells in your skin. [171] The most recent census in Scotland was conducted by the Scottish Government and the National Records of Scotland in March 2022. Uniqueness to the appearance is given also by light skin (sometimes with freckles). No two people in the world have the same color eyes. [334], Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland, with many large finance firms based there, including: Lloyds Banking Group (owners of HBOS); the Government-owned Royal Bank of Scotland and Standard Life. Lin BD, et al. [81] After 1860, the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. If you have amber-colored eyes, it's likely that you're of Spanish, Asian, South American or South African descent. [228] Labour's education spokesperson Rhona Brankin criticised the Scottish system for failing to address student poverty. (2017). The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds the pupil. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven". Other Christian denominations in Scotland include the Free Church of Scotland, and various other Presbyterian offshoots. Covenant Association to Appeal", "Brown opens door to Holyrood tax powers", "Scotland's tax powers: What it has and what's coming? Genes affect how melanin and other pigments are made, moved, and stored in your body. This part surrounds the pupil -- the small black hole in the eye's middle that regulates the light. Your hair color and eye color come down to what genes you inherit from your parents. DNA methylation refers to the process of adding a methyl group to one of the bases of your DNA. [216] By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas. Scotland competes with the England rugby team annually for the Calcutta Cup. About 5% of the worlds population and 18% of Americans have hazel eyes -- a mixture of green, gold, and orange. (Scotland) Act 1994", "A General History of Scots Law (20th century)", "The case for keeping 'not proven' verdict", "Scotland's unique 15-strong juries will not be abolished", "Edinburgh 4th in Europe in new Financial Centres index Scottish Financial Review", "The Scottish economy in ten essential charts", "Scotland's employment rate hits record high", "Scots Cities Slide down Chart of the World's Top Financial Centres", "Export Statistics Scotland Publication", "New Doubt Cast over Alex Salmond's Claims of Scottish Wealth", "Scottish Goods and Services | Scotland.org | Scotland.org", "statistics.gov.scot: http://statistics.gov.scot/data/earnings/year/2021/S92000003/gender/all/working-pattern/all-patterns/population-group/workplace-based/pounds-gbp/mean", "statistics.gov.scot: http://statistics.gov.scot/data/earnings/year/2021/S92000003/gender/all/working-pattern/all-patterns/population-group/residence-based/pounds-gbp/mean", "UK House Price Index Scotland: August 2022", https://data.gov.scot/poverty/2022/persistent.html, "The Bank of England's approach to regulating Scottish and Northern Ireland commercial banknotes", "Scottish Banknotes: The Treasury's Symbolic Hostage in the Independence Debate", "Scottish Energy Statistics Hub: Proportion of electricity consumption by fuel", "The future of energy in Scotland: Scottish energy strategy", "Disaggregating Network Rail's expenditure and revenue allowance and future price control framework: a consultation (June 2005)", "Scottish Transport Statistics No 38: 2019 Edition Chapter 7: Rail Services", "Regional Rail Usage 201819 Statistical Release", "Belle & Sebastian revealed as 'Best Scottish Band of All Time', "Garbage frontwoman Shirley Manson on shifting politics and yearning to come home", "Lewis Capaldi named the UK's biggest-selling musician of 2019", "Who invented the television? As many as 16 genes influence eye color by determining the amount of melanin inside the specialized cells of the iris.. Network Rail owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the railway system in Scotland, while the Scottish Government retains overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in Scotland. Most redheads have a gene . [366], Scotland's primary sources for energy are provided through renewable energy (61.8%), nuclear (25.7%) and fossil fuel generation (10.9%). Many features within the system have been preserved. Did this woman die because her genitals were cut? Currently, fewer than 90 remain inhabited. Scotland's DNA was set up by Dr Wilson along with historian Alistair Moffat, the current rector of St Andrews University. [77] Towards the end of the century Prime Ministers of Scottish descent included William Gladstone,[78] and the Earl of Rosebery. [27], In 1999, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. As a result of the CameronClegg coalition's Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, the Scottish regiments of the line in the British Army infantry, having previously formed the Scottish Division, were reorganised into the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division in 2017. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. Scapa Flow was the major Fleet base for the Royal Navy until 1956. The war saw the emergence of a radical movement called "Red Clydeside" led by militant trades unionists. [129] The Scottish Parliament's form of proportional representation (the additional member system) resulted in no one party having an overall majority for the first three Scottish parliament elections. [115] Hitler worried that his allies, Italy and Japan, would perceive Hess's act as an attempt by Hitler to secretly open peace negotiations with the British. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. "Brexit: Nicola Sturgeon says second Scottish independence vote 'highly likely', "Scottish Leader Nicola Sturgeon Announces Plans for Second Independence Referendum", "Scottish independence: Sturgeon requests powers for referendum", "Scotland's right to choose: putting Scotland's future in Scotland's hands - gov.scot", "Scottish independence: 19 October 2023 proposed as date for referendum", "Scottish independence: Johnson rejects Sturgeon's indyref2 demand", "Indyref2: Scottish Secretary rejects new vote 'for a generation', "Gordon Brown: Scotland needs 'time to heal' before any referendum", "Scottish independence: What is a section 30 order? [178], Scotland has three officially recognised languages: English, Scots, and Scottish Gaelic. Other Scottish musicians include Shirley Manson (of the band Garbage), Paolo Nutini, Andy Stewart and Calvin Harris, all of whom have achieved considerable commercial success in international music markets[376] Shirley Manson performed at the 1999 opening of the Scottish Parliament concert at Princes Street Gardens with her band Garbage. The gray-eyed have little or no melanin in their iris but have more collagen in the stroma part of the eye. With eye and hair color categorical labeling discards useful information in the form of phenotypic variance which is artificially collapsed into a few classes. The 1609 Statutes of Iona compelled the cultural integration of Hebridean clan leaders. About half of people living in the U.S. and a higher population in Africa, and Asia are brown-eyed. [41]:39 The Vikings began to raid Scotland in the eighth century. Based on the Punnett Square, they would be the rarest when combined with dominant genes or genotypes. [241], The Scottish Parliament can give legislative consent over devolved matters back to the British Parliament by passing a Legislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-wide legislation is considered more appropriate for a certain issue. The SRU owns Murrayfield Stadium which is the main home ground of the Scottish national team. [82] The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of tuberculosis. Green-eyed people most commonly originate from northern and central parts of Europe, as well as some parts of Western Asia. Planning an independent trip to the UK will take more time and effort than a package purchased from a travel agency. Many military regiments have a pipe band of their own. [336] Its status had returned to 17th by 2020. p. 46. The project found that Scotland has almost 100 different groups of male ancestry from across Europe and further afield. [224] The country produces 1% of the world's published research with less than 0.1% of the world's population, and higher education institutions account for 9% of Scotland's service sector exports. [254] Overall, accountability for intergovernmental relations is the responsibility of the First Minister. There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as gannets. [275] During an official visit to the Republic of Ireland in 2016, Sturgeon stated that is it "important for Ireland and Scotland and the whole of the British Isles that Ireland has a strong ally in Scotland". Researchers believe that lighter eyes appeared once Early Man left Africa and spread to Europe. Why are brown eyes most common? People with certain eye colors are more likely to experience different health conditions. The Scottish Lowlands host 80% of the total population, where the Central Belt accounts for 3.5million people. Freckles are a result of genetics and too much sun exposure. Scottish industry came out of the depression slump by a dramatic expansion of its industrial activity, absorbing unemployed men and many women as well. [360] The income of households were found to be continuing to rise and fall, with the median household income continuing to rise. Of course pigmentation is more than skin. Eye colors can range from pale blue to dark brown that looks black. Redheads are thought to be more sensitive to pain, too, research shows. has on hair color (red and yellow shading respectively) by genotype: Many of these findings were replicated in a Danish sample, but since they didnt use a quantitative measure there wasnt as much value-add. Or just a part of the UK? [397] Important regional dailies include the Evening News in Edinburgh, The Courier in Dundee in the east, and The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north. Red Hair, Blue Eyes: How Common Is the Genetic Combination? DOI: How does someone get red hair and blue eyes, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740987/, pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/are-redheads-with-blue-eyes-really-going-extinct, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692342/, Why Its Easier to Trust Someone with Brown Eyes, What Are Freckles, Why Do They Appear, and More, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI. Manslaughter, in England and Wales, is broadly similar to culpable homicide in Scotland, and arson is called wilful fire raising. [39]:3637, In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, much of Scotland was under the control of a single ruler.
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