Palmer then poses the question, "If the South is such a people, what, at this juncture, is their providential trust?" Southern Presbyterian Leaders. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats, yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs. . Abolition and the Abolitionists - National Geographic Society Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. The second option, later known as the Anaconda Plan, recommended isolating the states in secession with a naval blockade. "Remember the Alamo". For the last time, the American Civil War was not about states - Quartz . 1830s. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Reprinted in Early American Writing What did Southern apologists believe about slavery? did immigrants become cotton farmers in the south? See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom, Learn how the work of Frederick Douglass still matters today, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Southern defense of the peculiar institution, The History of Slavery in North America Quiz, Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. Biblical Reasons. White southerners keen on preserving the institution of slavery bristled at what they perceived to be northern attempts to deprive them of their livelihood. How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. Abolitionists were a divided group. Southerners referred to the founding doctrine of the U.S., the Declaration of Independence. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. what did American abolitionists do in 1833? . The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces in order to uphold the institution of. The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. 2023 . This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). yes; the south grew half the world's cotton, it was half of the US' exports, 20% of the population was involved in it, and 20% of the English economy was textile production. The New South Moreover, many prominent Southern ministers made special efforts to provide religious instruction to slaves, whether in church or on their own plantations. In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. Washington, D.C. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. Encyclopedia.com. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Slavery had been an important economic institution in the South from early colonial days, less so in the more industrialized North. . With the rise of democracy during the Jacksonian era in the 1830s, enslavers worried about the power of the majority. Frustrated with decades of what they saw as attacks on their morality by the abolitionist movement, many Southerners dug in their heels and became increasingly suspicious of the North. Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. Hinton R. Helper tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that. I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. The Slavery Apologists The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. one quarter of white southerners owned slaves. Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." All rights reserved. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Image Source: Wikimedia.. continue reading promin, Slavery ITHAKA. "The Slavery Apologists Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? "The particular trust assigned to such a people becomes the pledge of the divine protection, and their fidelity to it determines the fate by which it is finally overtaken." Not confined to a single church, early antislavery sentiment was common among Mennonites, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Amish, and other practitioners of Protestant denominations. The cover of the Saturday, April 23, 1831 edition of The Liberator, a Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist newspaper. Palmer also argues that the slaves are better off with slavery, in part because of their own nature: "We know better than others that every attribute of their character fits them for dependence and servitude. few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. White Southerners believed Northern abolitionists encouraged slave revolts, while Southern efforts to silence the abolitionists aroused Northern fears about freedom of speech. in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. Stringfellow, Thornton. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a positive good because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. He would become an insufferable burden to society. She or he will best know the preferred format. I got my start in education as a teacher, working with students in grades K-12. What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. it required southern postmasters to destroy it and told southern state officials to arrest federal postmasters who did not comply, no, many northerners wanted to keep the clauses on slavery in the Constitution, those who did not want to fully abolish slavery but prevent it from extending it west, an organization created in the Great Depression that hired people to improve culture, including interviewing remaining former slaves from Virginia to Texas for three years; most of the slaves were very old and/or had been very young when enslaved, so they weren't as useful. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. Forced to sign a document stating that Texas was independent after losing the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. The war, which began as a sectional power struggle to preserve the Union, in turn led Lincoln (who had never been an abolitionist) to emancipate enslaved persons in areas of the rebellion by the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and led further to the freeing of all enslaved persons in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. The Historian Behind Slavery Apologists Like Kanye West Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. Through the days leading up to the secession and during the war itself, Palmer and other preachers delivered the same message. Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. . Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. This was because slavery was defined as akin to a marriage: the power of slave owners over slaves paralleled the power of husbands over wives and of parents over children., The father/master was supposed to be a benevolent and paternalistic overseer of all family (and property) members. Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE being unable to own or operate small businesses. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. . Interestingly, many white preachers made it a point of preaching to slave congregations; some turned their ministries exclusively to slaves. In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. was the plantation system financially stable? They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? Actually, it was not. Abolitionist Movement - Definition & Famous Abolitionists - History what happened to those who smuggled in African slaves? Which description best describes the "task" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? The American Board of Foreign Missions (specifically its Northern members) refused to send him on a new mission unless he gave up the slaves. It illustrates southern leaders intense suspicion of democratic majorities and their ability to effect legislation that would challenge southern interests. The practice of slavery is one of humankind's most deeply rooted institutions. ." what did the Virginia legislature do about slavery in 1831 and 1832? But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. By the beginning of the Civil War, many Southerners saw themselves as morally superior to Northerners; after all, they had never tried to force their way of life onto the North. Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? . In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. The former-slave Frederick Douglass noted that that the framers purposefully avoided the mention of slavery in the Constitution. Proslavery theology persisted because religious arguments had situated slavery amidst other forms of household order and had relied upon widely accepted views of womens subordination as a corollary to slaves deprivation of rights. Southern Christians not only kept their antebellum worldview, they reaffirmed it as they helped rebuild the legal and social structures of white supremacy after terrorism and Northern indifference defeated Reconstruction. Southern Literary Messenger 30, no. The senator from Illinois opposed slavery but was cautious about supporting the abolitionists. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. In which way did the richest plantation families resemble a traditional landed aristocracy? They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. . Slavery and Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet You cannot download interactives. Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. For these ministers, slavery not only had divine sanction, it was a necessary part of Christianity. immigrants; it was better to pay someone than to risk losing an investment, not really; they had minimal protection from arbitrary murder or unusually cruel punishments and some states prohibited the sale of children under 10. did authorities enforce laws that benefited slaves? 89). . I then predicted that it would commence as it has with this fanatical portion of society, and that they would begin their operations on the ignorant, the weak, the young, and the thoughtless and gradually extend upwards till they would become strong enough to obtain political control. The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? All Rights Reserved. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. SOUTH, THE A common explanation is that the Civil War was fought over the moral issue of slavery. And the states never delegated to the federal government any power to suppress secession. Members of this group fully supported slavery. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. Escaped from slavery to become one of the most What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? Rather than emphasize that slavery was a profitable labor system essential to the health of the southern economy, apologists turned to the Bible and history. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. New York: Viking, 2006. Encyclopedia.com. Moses Drury Hoge (19181899), once the personal minister to Jefferson Davis, noted that those who praised the colonial soldiers of the American Revolution and those who praised the Confederate soldiers did "homage to virtue. they tightened slave codes and prohibited both voluntary and compensated emancipation. He had been John Adger's successor in the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston for several years. . The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. The Confederate version used the word slaves, unlike the U.S. Constitution. The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth. document.getElementById( "ak_js_3" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); JSTOR Daily provides context for current events using scholarship found in JSTOR, a digital library of academic journals, books, and other material. How did abolitionists in the North respond to Southern apologists? A What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? . Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? His newspaper, The Liberator, lived up to its promise that it would not equivocate in its war against slavery. no, and many slaves were forbidden to testify in court, the area comprised of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana in which most slaves lived by 1860, no, and many states outlawed teaching them to read; at the beginning of the Civil War, 90% of slaves were illiterate, they could be hired out/rented for money; they would keep some of the money as encouragement and some used it to buy their freedom, in 1800, he led an armed uprising in Richmond, VA, but it was foiled by informers and the leaders hanged, he led a rebellion in Charleston in 1822, but informers foiled it and the leaders hanged; at a designated time, all Charleston slaves were supposed to kill their masters; it was widely publicized to show white dominance, he led an uprising in 1831 that killed 60 Virginians; he persuaded some slaves to obtain weapons and kill white people, but he was caught and tortured; it was kept secret to prevent other slaves from doing the same, but the story spread. "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. That, suggests. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. One anonymous contributor to the Richmond-based Southern Literary Messenger, a magazine devoted to literature and the fine arts, wrote a piece for the June 1860 issue in which the claim was made that Northerners were themselves of an inferior stock, "wild, savage, bold, fond of freedom" (p. 404) and who, despite being deeply religious, "yet nearly approach infidelity [unbelief]." Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. . Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Reacting to abolitionist attacks that branded its peculiar institution as brutal and immoral, the South intensified its system of slave control, particularly after the Nat Turner revolt of 1831. His wife, however, had inherited several slaves. Both the Garrisonian abolitionists and the Southern apologists for slavery thought the Constitution permitted slavery, with one group condemning it, the other celebrating it. Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States. In the late 1850s, she assisted Brown in his planning for the disastrous raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. They believed that slavery was a good thing and it provided some sort of elegant lifestyle for white elites. Before, during, and after the United States Revolutionary War, several of the original 13 British colonies abolished slavery. The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. Abolitionist, writer, and speaker . The journeys of Yancey and Slidell show how hard it is to divide the United States simply into North and South, slave and free. The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. . In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Garrisons uncompromising tone infuriated not only Southerners but many Northerners as well and was long treated as though it were typical of abolitionism in general. New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? US History Ch 11. Flashcards | Quizlet ." Unable to find cheap labor from other sources, white settlers increasingly turned to slaves imported from Africa. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. Myths & Misunderstandings: The North and Slavery - American Civil War half were in the north and half were in the south, but many were in Louisiana. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? The sermon, in fact, has been widely credited with giving the moral and popular push to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union. White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. White southerners reacted strongly to abolitionists attacks on slavery. Because of this perceived threat to southern society, Calhoun argued that states could nullify federal laws. They were of the opinion that slaves even had better lives than factory workers. Woolman, John Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. . As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim itand the sooner it is known the better. What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? Why did southern states secede over slavery? The Presbyterian Church divided itself into two factionsthe "Old School" (which did not condemn slavery) in the South and the "New School" (staunchly antislavery) in the North.
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