TC Pams track is given in Figure 1. I feel like this is a part of who I am and I shouldnt just run away from it, even though its disappearing. ICRC (2018). (2013), Wadey et al. Extreme high water levels will occur with increasing frequency as a result of mean sea level rise. to rising sea levels, experts predict that Tuvalu will disappear by 2050. Losi Tuaga, 18, also contemplates and worries about the rising sea levels as tides flood homes, buildings, and parts of the airport, while she stands in ankle deep seawater near her home. At Tamana (Kiribati), maximum CgE (and thus estimated wave setup/runup) was by far the highest in the entire hindcast record, on the order of 40% higher than the next highest event in terms of CgE (Figure 4). (2007). Allows choosing the RCP, the greenhouse gas concentration trajectory defined by the IPCC. 806 8067 22 Try EssayBot which is your professional essay typer. Eng. 1. The event also had the longest or second longest duration at the impacted islands. The sea is eating all the sand, says Frank, 32, dressed in a pink stretchy T-shirt and faded sarong. of Vanuatu, 2015). Dodet, G., Melet, A., Ardhuin, F., Bertin, X., Idier, D., and Almar, R. (2019). The largest city in Tuvalu is Funafuti with a population of 5,300 as of 2003. 8521 . The TWL is simply calculated as: To calculate 2, we follow the simpler of the two approaches described by Merrifield et al. Regardless, there is widespread agreement that overall vulnerability to SLR will be heterogeneous due to differences in reef/island morphology and exposure to extreme sea level drivers (viz sea level variability, storm waves, storm surges, and astronomic tides), and that more detailed event-based case studies are needed to understand the role of background sea level (and SLR) compared to these drivers (Woodroffe, 2008; Beetham and Kench, 2018; Idier et al., 2019). Here, we focus on the remote impacts to Tuvalu and Kiribati, which were poorly forecast or otherwise anticipated (Taupo and Noy, 2017). In this new study, researchers looked at daily satellite imagery to estimate both the extent of flooding and the number of people exposed to over 900 large flood events between 2000 and 2018 . Boxing Day Tsunami Case Study. A mean annual warming of 2 degrees Celsius or higher by the 2050s and 3 degrees Celsius for the 2080s is projected. The world want to ignore us. Tinilau is referring to the cheerful burning of coal by the US and Australia, among others, despite a recent report from the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changewarning that global warming must be kept to a maximum of 1.5C over the next 12 years to avoid catastrophic climate affects. 8, 363379. Delivering a Powerful Climate Message to the World | Accenture 2. To further aid in interpretation, empirical annual exceedance probability (AEP), also commonly called return periods or return levels, were empirically calculated from the declustered storm event maximum CgE values at both locations. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Young Tuvaluans are already being sent away to safer environs where they can get better educations and have more choices for the future. gov wants to move the rest 10,000 people . The variables are: within-event maximum CgE, peak wave direction (Dp) during the hour of maximum CgE, within-event maximum astronomic tide maximum (tide), background sea level (SL), and event duration (hours). Sci. New York, NY: OCHA. 7:546. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00546, Webb, A., and Kench, P. (2010). 1. It is expected that there will be more unpredictable and severe weather events including more frequent and powerful tropical storms; more extreme heatwaves and lasting droughts. How is climate change affecting sea levels? (2006). to access more details of Managing coastal environments, to access more details of Plastics in our ocean, BSc (Honours) Geography and Environmental Science. 343333292632252733222430203431322830313131283331323230343230332825323327323332293230353331332927343128262932343032312933\begin{array}{lllll} He explained his low-lying country's vulnerability to a rising sea and told the world how Tuvalu was sinking into the Pacific Ocean. We've had high tides before. Oceans 124, 38493858. 3. It thus neglects any approximations of local wave transformations required to predict sub-island scale extreme water levels and subsequent flooding. (PDF) Severe Flooding in the Atoll Nations of Tuvalu and Kiribati Glasgow 2021 (COP26) - The 99.5th quantiles (percentiles) for the entire hindcast timeseries (19802019) are shown as dashed red and blue lines for Hb andTWL, respectively. Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest. The local town council has a plan to dredge and reclaim land at the south of Fongafale, raise the land 10 metres above sea level, and build high-density housing. The data are given below. Making the decision to study can be a big step, which is why youll want a trusted University. ORAS5 Ocean ReAnalysis System 5 (ORAS5) monthly sea surface height5. Geophys. Res. They all also come with a low enough computational cost to be widely applied to the approach presented in this paper, e.g., by using the kind of long-term hindcast data presented here as boundary condition to establish much more locally relevant extreme value analysis-thresholding. More importantly for this analysis, 99.5th quantiles differences between tide gauge and TPXO predictions at Funafuti and Tarawa were 0.021 and 0.025 m, respectively. Briney, Amanda. Need a personal essay writer? When I lived there I had never heard of such things as hurricanes or king tides. While in extreme cases like China and the Netherlands it could experience 5-10m of extreme sea levels. A. Kulp, S. A. When you consider the flooding, the erosion, gigantic freaky waves, and high tides, perhaps it is not surprising that many more of Tuvalu's people are considering leaving. Taking all 35 SRES scenarios into consideration, the scientists projected a sea level rise of 9 cm to 88 cm for 1990 to 2100, with a central value of 48 cm. That is something new. Figure 3. Since then, people aren't planting so much. Netherhall School GCSE Geography Case Studies. Explanations. What evidence shows that Tuvalu is a low-lying country? (2019). On the hottest days, Leitu Frank feels like she cant breathe any more. I left in 2010. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The roots of coconut trees are rotted by the ocean, as every year sees more trees get swallowed up and replaced by beach. Earth.Org has mapped the worst-case scenario floods on Tuvalu by 2100 to illustrate the need for action. *Correspondence: Ron K. Hoeke, ron.hoeke@csiro.au, Flooding on Coral Reef-lined Coasts: Current State of Knowledge and Future Challenges, View all Information on which island and atolls within Tuvalu and Kiribati were impacted (or were not), and types of impacts were collated from a number of sources, primarily disaster relief agencies. The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the central pacific. At Tuvalus Bureau of Meteorology, situated on the edge of the runway with pig pens to its left and the countrys prison to its right (home to just six inmates) Nikotemo Iona and his small team are working overtime as they crunch the latest rainfall measurements. Start studying Global impacts of Climate Change, TUVALU Case Study and Climate Change Management. The island nation consists of four reef islands and five true atolls; it is located halfway between Hawaii and Australia. Briney, Amanda. Recall that 606060 randomly selected shoppers have rated a new bottle design for a popular soft drink. "Geography and History of Tuvalu." The population of Tuvalu is around 11,000 people and the economy is mainly based on exporting copra, fishing of tuna and sales of postage stamps. < 0.002 m, Supplementary Figure 2). A revised assessment of Australias national wave energy resource. Selection of learning objectives, discussion questions, and activities can be customized based on audience and time allowance. Tuvalu is a tiny island country located in Oceania about halfway between the state of Hawaii and the nation of Australia. Sea level rise in Tuvalu, South Pacific It consists of five coral atolls and four reef islands but none are more than 15 feet (5 meters) above sea level. On the sheets you have been given, write and/or draw a brief explanation Words to help you Carbon Dioxide Methane Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Ice Caps. Urban Flooding: A Case Study Panaji City | SpringerLink Media coverage of Tuvalu's plight has been comprehensive. 7:539646. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.539646. In 1826, the whole island group became known to Europeans and was mapped. flooding such as implementing ten foot stilts and raise the house to prevent As of today, there are no major forms of flood control, be it sea walls or relocation plans. RKH conceived the study and preformed most of the analysis and writing. How is climate change affecting plants and animals? F. Gemenne and S. Shen, 'Tuvalu and New Zealand: Case study report', EACH-FOR Environmental change and forced migration . FLOOD: CASE STUDIES Structure Learning Outcome Introduction Case Studies 4.2.1 Gorakhpur Floods, 2000 4.2.2 Tsunami Floods, 2004 4.2.3 Mumbai Floods, 2005 Lessons Learnt Conclusion Key Concepts References and Further Reading Activity 4.0 LEA GOUTCOME A. While the pessimistic scenario added more mechanisms of ice-sheet melting, estimating SLR at 1m-2.5m in 2100, with a projection of 10m SLR at 2300. Keep in mind that the country's highest point is less than 5 meters. Understanding sea level change in the south pacific during the late 20th century and early 21st century. Damlamian, H., Bosserelle, C., Raj, A., Begg, Z., Katterborn, T., Ketewai, M., et al. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0194-z, Ribal, A., and Young, I. R. (2019). Then browse over 1000 free courses on OpenLearn. Case Study 1 - Tuvalu - Impacts of Climate Change on DEVELOPING country Location: In the Pacific Ocean, North-East of Australia. 127, 8590. Evacuating the islands is the last resort, says Tuvalus prime minister, Enele Sopoaga, despite frequent talk from Pacific neighbours that Tuvaluans will become the worlds first climate-change refugees. Coastal areas are perceived to be at risk of increasingly frequent and severe flooding and erosion impacts associated with sea level rise (SLR). McInnes et al. Fiji has repeatedly offered land to the Tuvaluan government to relocate their population 1,200km south, an offer the Sopoaga government has not accepted. Note that (hand drawn) inundation and erosion maps, and notes provided by the Tuvalu Public Works Department to the authors are provided in this articles Supplementary Material section. (2010, February). Don Kennedy is a first-hand witness to the encroaching sea on Tuvalu's shores. But this is the first time it's reached my doorstep," he explained, gesturing to the water still flowing down the island's main road. OCHA (2015). Customer Reviews. In general, the people of Tuvalu are having difficulties growing their crops because of salination of the soil. Clim. Call for change. doi: 10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1. Technical Report 2011-01. Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R., Codignotto, J., Hay, J. E., McLean, R. F., et al. Come what may, locals say again and again, quoting the prime minister, God will save us.. 2. If we round up to the nearest whole rating point, show that we should employ a class length equal to 3.3.3. Within each subplot the event closest to March 15, 2015 (i.e., associated with TC Pam) is highlighted with a red circle. Available online at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/vanuatu_tc_pam_hap.pdf (accessed January 15, 2020). Home. 33 & 29 & 27 & 34 & 31 \\ A-Level Geography - Human - Urban Waste. Planet. The SL andtide associated with the event are the respective maxima of each occurring during the storm duration, i.e., not necessarily the water level at the time of maximum CgE. It is densely populated and generally less than 3 m above sea level. New York Coastal Flood Risk Management Case Study For example: we predict the flooding impacts of TC Pam will be similar to/less than/greater than (depending on island) TC Kina in 1993 (which did indeed cause similar impacts in many of the southern Tuvalu islands, see Results section). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. n the hottest days, Leitu Frank feels like she cant breathe any more. 3.1 Climatic Parameters. Sea Level Rise Projection Map - Tuvalu | Earth.Org Here in Tuvalu we don't need to refer to reports because we see the evidence with our own eyes every day.". Authorities could issue mandatory evacuation orders for flood-prone communities over the coming days. 12. , Help with Geography Alevel question aqa , Environmental threats to our planet (OCR Geography A), GCSE Geography- Unit 1A- The restless Earth, Living World - Thar Desert Case Study (LEDC), flooding is more frequent. Sea levels have risen by 20 cm since 1901 due to thermal expansion, melting glaciers and ice caps. Lush forests and wide sandy beaches have been reduced to barren narrow sandbars, strewn with garbage. It makes me sad. Environment Programme (UNEP) to study climate change and understand its impacts. This definitely contributed to the overall severity of the event, particularly in Tuvalu. 9 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.539646, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.539646/full#supplementary-material, https://data.csiro.au/collections/collection/CIcsiro:6616v8, https://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/climate-reanalysis/ocean-reanalysis, https://reliefweb.int/report/tuvalu/tuvalu-cyclone-nina-jan-1993-dha-undro-situation-report-1, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/vanuatu_tc_pam_hap.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning. Ciguatera poisoning affects reef fish who have ingested micro-algaes expelled by bleached coral. What are the projections on its disappearance? They want to keep behaving as if we dont exist, as if whats happening here isnt true. To assess the skill of TPXO-based tidal predictions used in this study, they were compared to tidal predictions based on hourly tide gauge observations from Tarawa and Funafuti (years 19882018 and 19792017, respectively) sourced from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (4 Caldwell et al., 2015). South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Pam, Fact Sheet #3. . 1. Lett. Image 'Illustration of where Tuvalu is located on a globe' - Copyright: Image 'A demonstration in support of the islands of Tuvalu' -, Image 'People in the sea in Tuvalu, holding up a banner' -, Image 'Managing coastal environments' - Copyright: Used with permission, Image 'Sea level rise | Case studies in England' -. A Global Reanalysis of Storm Surges and Extreme Sea Levels. This is because the coral atolls on which its people are populated have extremely poor soils. Plate Tectonics 5. As a result, the country is becoming more and more dependent on foreign imports. (2016). Tuvalu, Global Warming, and Rising Sea Levels. We're thinking of migrating to New Zealand. An awareness event about climate change. Kench, P. S., Ford, M. R., and Owen, S. D. (2018). https%3A%2F%2Fearth.org%2Fdata_visualization%2Fsea-level-rise-by-2100-tuvalu%2F. . Future reef growth can mitigate physical impacts of sea-level rise on atoll islands. 95% confidence limits are indicated with dotted lines. The SLR scenarios used in this study are based on the forecasts from Climate Central Coastal Risk Screening Tool with the following parameters: From two highly cited journals by Kopp et al., estimating SLR mainly due to ocean thermal expansion and ice melt. Sames Geege starting to wish I never to AS geog it takes the mic. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.03.042, Storlazzi, C. D. (2018). Islanders are relying on rain water catchment because saltwater intrusion into their aquifers is adversely affecting drinking water. They are hours away from declaring another drought. She holds a Certificate of Advanced Study in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from California State University. o_lewis15. The second wave came in then, and that was the one that brought all the debris ashore. More frequent coastal flooding is a direct impact of sea-level rise. (2013). doi: 10.1029/2018JC014828, Barnett, J., and Adger, W. N. (2003). It then moved along a southerly track between Fiji and New Caledonia, exiting the region around March 15th. Vanuatu, G. (2015). These sea level products were assessed for best representing background non-tidal sea levels (SL) by comparing them to the 30-days median low-pass filtered tide gauge residual sea level at Tarawa and Funafuti (see section Astronomical Tides). CgE, rather than Hs, is chosen as a primary diagnostic variable for the analysis, since (as a measure of power, rather than energy), it tends to scale more linearly with nearshore processes such as wave runup and setup. PROTECT - Sea walls have been constructed by they're now themselves suffering from erosion as they are not a long-term option. Global warming is expected to bring major changes to climates around the world, causing shifts in climate zones, a rise in sea levels, and fluctuations in weather patterns never seen before. These local levels bring variability to the projected SLR from 1m to 6.5m (eg. "It came without warning. Sci. I think it would be a great shame for the world to allow that to happen. However, when combined with SL and tide it created the highest TWL in the record (Figure 5). In addition, its remote location means tourism and the related service industries are mainly non-existent. Areas of the island are flooding that would not have flooded ten or fifteen years ago. Take a look at all Open University courses. But I understand other countries do what is best for their people. It consists of five coral atolls and four reef islands but none are more than 15 feet (5 meters) above sea level. "Climate Tragedy: If We Drown Tuvalu, We Drown the Entire World" Time series of total water level (TWL) and breaking wave height (Hb) centered on a 2-week period of the peak of Hb during the time period of TC Pams passage, is presented in Figure 3. Finally, it should be reiterated that at all locations, background sea levels (SL) were the highest or among the highest on record (+0.1 m) during the TC Pam events. HyCReWW: a hybrid coral reef wave and water level metamodel. New predictions of 1 to 2 m sea level rise by 2100 put the archipelago in serious danger of becoming uninhabitable. Tuvalu - Islands on the frontline of climate change Documented remote impacts in Tuvalu and Kiribati. Central Intelligence Agency. Extreme events are identified for each site in Table 1 by choosing a threshold and identifying exceedances of CgE above it; an event begins when the CgE exceeds the threshold, and a new event is assumed only when CgE remains below the threshold for more than 12 h (i.e., declustering events). Many large parcels of land used for palm plantations are no longer of any value, greatly affecting the local subsistence economy. The severity of these remote impacts was not anticipated and poorly forecasted. 1999-2023. 27, 21852208. Subjects. Mitigation of climate change could be achieved by the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of carbon sinks, where carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere, such as by increasing tree cover. The Te Kaniva Tuvalu Climate Change Policy positions relocation away from the islands as the worst-case scenario. Tuvalu (02/10). Sometimes it's rotten. Sci. Now it is every month. It is located in in the Pacific Ocean, midway between The islands of Tuvalu were first inhabited by Polynesian settlers from Samoa and/or Tonga and they were left largely untouched by Europeans until the 19th century. Tuvalu translates to "eight standing together" and refers to the eight traditional islands of Tuvalu (Nanumea, Niutao, Nanumaga, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and Nukulaelae). 369, 161181. Climate dangers and atoll countries. During COP [climate] negotiations we had to stay up till 7am to ensure we were listened too, says Tinilau. I'll plant as long as I live," he says. The Dp (peak wave direction) associated with the event is taken as that occurring at the time of the peak (maximum) CgE. Plans for adapting to climate change include the ongoing and much delayed construction of a sea wall to protect the administrative centre of the capital, funded by the UNDP. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Idier, D., Bertin, X., Thompson, P., and Pickering, M. D. (2019). Tuvalu wields new data in the fight against climate change At the very edge of a storm: the impact of a distant cyclone on atoll islands. Stemming the tide. Human Causes Deforestation - Population increase in Nepal means there is a greater demand for food, fuel and building materials. (2018). Physical aspects of urban flooding (built and natural environment), Social aspects of urban flooding (people and institutions), Data and informational aspects of urban flooding (forecasts, maps, demographics), and Actions and decision-making aspects of urban flooding. Applies to the baseline SLR, defined in the Sea level projection section, upon which we add flooding. ThoughtCo, Oct. 10, 2021, thoughtco.com/geography-and-history-of-tuvalu-1435673. This indicates that all large events (AEP > 10 years) are from the west in Kiribati, but not in Tuvalu. Tuvalus official government policy is to stay on the island come what may. 16. How is Tuvalu managing the impacts of climate change? However, most of the older generation do not want to move as they believe the will lose their identity, culture, lifestyle and traditions. What have the environmental effects of climate change been in Tuvalu? As the frequency and intensity of floods and cyclones increases, the island is shrinking and saltwater intrusion is affecting local food production on the plantations. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9741, Taupo, T., and Noy, I. These are summarized in Table 1; these locations are also plotted in Figure 2. Added to this is the additional problem of sea temperature rise, leading to coral bleaching and impacts on marine life. A Math. Ponds of seawater can appear anywhere and do. They can see and feel it for themselves, especially when the ocean crashes into their bedrooms more and more nights every year. Over the period 1901-2010 global average sea levels rose 0.19 metres (IPCC, 2013). Geosci. Subsistence farming is practiced in Tuvalu and to produce the largest agricultural yield possible, pits are dug out of the coral. Even at the lowest end of the projected range, temperatures will climb more than twice as much this century as they did during the 20th. Probabilistic 21st and 22nd Century Sea-Level Projections at a Global Network of Tide-Gauge Sites. Polar Bears eat mainly seals but as Arctic ice shrinks the seals have less ice on which to mate and rear pups. For Sale . Scatterplot matrix of Tamana (Kiribati) event-based data identified by declustering extreme sea level events with integrated wave energy flux (CgE) above the 99.5 percentile threshold. (2011). The resulting swell propagated throughout the central Pacific, causing flooding and damage to communities in Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Wallis and Futuna, all over 1,000 km from TC Pams track (Damlamian et al., 2017; Figure 1). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level. Flooding over roads, which is already becoming more common in some places during high tides, can cause traffic jams and block emergency vehicles from reaching flooded areas . Seneviratne, S. I., Nicholls, N., Easterling, D., Goodess, C. M., Kanae, S., Kossin, J., et al. 7. Here are some of the changes they have noticed over the last few years. However, even if all countries met their Kyoto Protocol commitments, and if all emissions of greenhouse gases ceased after 2020, a sea-level rise of 14-32 cm is very likely. (2017). How is climate change creating climate refugees? ", Storms used to be the most frightening times on the small coral atolls, but now a nice day can also bring disaster for no apparent reason. Other sets by this creator. RESTORE - Japan is supporting a coral reef restoration programme to reintroduce species to damaged reefs. Case Study 1 - Tuvalu - Impacts of Climate Change on DEVELOPING country 39:21701. doi: 10.1029/2012GL053240, Keywords: tropical cyclones, flooding, sea level, wave climate analysis, coastal hazards, atolls, Citation: Hoeke RK, Damlamian H, Aucan J and Wandres M (2021) Severe Flooding in the Atoll Nations of Tuvalu and Kiribati Triggered by a Distant Tropical Cyclone Pam. 2021). The heat is sometimes unbearable now, and the erosion is also dramatic. "Salty," he says. Some parents are no longer willing to wait until they have no chance of escape, and as a result, entire families are relocating to countries such as New Zealand. Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. gov wants to move the rest 10,000 people . To reduce complexity of the extreme value (statistical) analysis, we focus on four of the previously defined variables: CgE (wave energy flux), Dp (peak wave direction), tide, and SL as well as event duration, which arises from the analysis. Interactions between mean sea level, tide, surge, waves and flooding: mechanisms and contributions to sea level variations at the coast. Wearing a suit and tie, Kofe stood knee-deep in seawater and spoke about how Tuvalua small Pacific . By the 1860s, labor recruiters began arriving on the islands and removing its inhabitants either by force and/or bribe to work on sugar plantations in Fiji and Australia. Severe lowland flooding is regularly seen on Tuvalu. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.03.005, Duvat, V. (2013). Annual exceedance probability (AEP) plots for selected islands listed in Table 1. The ASIS argues that damaging greenhouse emissions have been caused primarily by the burning of fossil fuels, mainly by rich industrialised countries. Rising seas, immobilities, and translocality in small island states However, the variance of the 30-days median low-pass filtered (observed) residuals is 0.005 m at Tarawa and 0.010 m at Funafuti. Hourly significant wave height (Hs), integrated wave energy flux (CgE), peak wave period (Tp) and peak wave direction (Dp) for years 19792019 were extracted from the CAWCR Wave Hindcast, a validated global wind-wave hindcast with increased (approximately 7 km) spatial resolution around the Pacific island nations (Durrant et al., 2014)2 and related collections. doi: 10.7289/V5V40S7W, Church, J. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Dataset. To just abandon it at such a time as this, when it is hurting I dont feel comfortable. NPR's All Things Considered has spotlighted the tiny island nation at least twice, and Canada's CBC network has covered the story in Sinking Cities: Tuvalu. Change 61, 321337. While these sites were both in the Marshall Islands, it is arguable that the Tuvalu and Kiribati sites in this study share similar atoll/narrow fringing reef morphology to the Marshall Islands sites, although morphological effects are discussed in more detail in the following sections. 1. Washington, DC: USAID. iv) 100 countries - with about 85% of the world's forests - promised to stop deforestation by 2030, UK CASE STUDY - National Impacts of Climate C, Chapter 14: Hazardous Earth - OCR A-Level Geo, Costa Rica case study - Sustaining Ecosystems, OCR A Level ELSS 4.2 Amazon Rainforest CASE S, OCR B GCSE Unit 6 Dynamic Development: Ethiop, OCR B GCSE Topic 7 UK in the 21st C Economic, OCR A Level GL 2.2b DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS.
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