People can find guidance on healthy portion sizes from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Mediterranean, Low-Fat Diets Are Best for Heart Problems, Least Amount of Exercise You Need to Stay Healthy, Nerve 'Pulse' Therapy May Help Ease Sciatica, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Functional dyspepsia also is called nonulcer dyspepsia. Theres no doubt that the data supports a diet thats rich in fresh vegetables, minimal fruit and minimal meat, especially processed meat. Located in the upper portion of your abdomen (your gastrointestinal tract, or GI), your stomach digests the food you eat. This reaction can occur within minutes or even seconds of exposure to shellfish. That sends signals to your brain and you experience the sensation of nausea.. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Activity 'snacks' could lower blood sugar, complication risk in type 1 diabetes, In Conversation: Investigating the power of music for dementia, What to know about not having a half-moon on the nails. Lifestyle changes and avoiding certain foods and beverages can make a significant difference. Some less common causes of pain after eating include: Pain in the body means something is wrong. Gastroenterologist Christine Lee, MD, helps us nail down some of the reasons behind why nausea happens after eating and what you can do to ease your symptoms. Eating, diet, and nutrition for constipation. Seek emergency care if you have severe pain along with any of these symptoms: Many different digestive problems can cause pain after you eat. For many, its normal and not a sign of anything clinically wrong. A stomach-burning sensation, also called indigestion, is a term used to describe a group of gastrointestinal symptoms. Your gall bladder then releases that bile to break down fatty foods. One symptom of an overactive thyroid is stomach pain and diarrhea. All Rights Reserved. Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? For this reason, antihistamines can be effective against allergic reactions. All rights reserved. Overeating can occur when eating while bored. Instead of eating when youre hungry, you tend to reach for snacks and other things out of habit, out of boredom or while multitasking. In this article, we list 21 reasons why a persons stomach may hurt or feel uncomfortable after they eat, including food and medical causes. Why You May Have Pain After Eating (Postprandial Pain) - Verywell Health Stress can cause muscles to become tense, which can create pain or discomfort in the stomach. A stomach ulcer is a medical condition that causes damage to the stomach's lining. Lastly, there are several other lifestyle and health reasons why someones stomach can hurt after eating. Food allergies: Frequently asked questions. It generally affects your whole body, says Dr. Lee. Causes of stomach pain Abdominal pain may be due to more common causes such as gas, indigestion, constipation, and diarrhea. However, frequent stomach pain after eating is a sign of a deeper problem and shouldn't be ignored. 12. A 4-ounce serving of raw octopus contains:, Its also an excellent source of potassium, magnesium, and calcium. Most of the time, GI symptoms are not from stomach cancer they have benign causes, assures Dr. Joyce. Eating slowly and calmly can help to avoid stomach pain. Luckily, nausea from food poisoning resolves on its own, as well. This is all important information that can help your doctor determine a diagnosis. Rub your fingers in a small circular motion, moving clockwise . If these tests confirm the presence of an allergy, the only treatment is to avoid shellfish altogether. Drugs used to control diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps should not be used except for bismuth (Pepto-Bismol). National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. You can thank your gall bladder for the ability to eat all those greasy foods you love. If it happens often, it's important to get evaluated right away. Cleveland Clinic 1995-2023. We also look at treatments and when to see a doctor. The stomach pain can be the result of an allergy or because of food poisoning. It affects about 25% of Americans each year. These symptoms can occur within minutes of ingesting shellfish, but they may sometimes not appear for several hours. Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 4-48 hours after eating and include: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Cramps. Dyspepsia. If you experience pain every now and then, there may not be any cause for concern. Antimotility drugs other than bismuth preparations can worsen or lengthen the illness because the infectious agent is not expelled from the body as rapidly. Some examples of allergic reaction symptoms include breaking out in a rash or hives, feeling cold and clammy, a drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate and swelling of your eyes and throat in addition to nausea (or you might not feel nauseated at all). Functional gastric disorders that can cause issues after eating include: Some habits are more likely to trigger indigestion than others. Nutrition. 20 Causes of a Stomach Burning Sensation - Verywell Health Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a health condition in which people have persistent abdominal pain. Contaminated shellfish include shrimp, crabs, clams, oysters, dried fish, and salted raw fish. The main reason for the decrease in cases is likely that infections from Helicobacter pylori, a type of bacteria known more commonly as H. pylori, are being diagnosed earlier than they used to be. The following are some common reasons for this kind of pain. Food manufacturers are required by law to state if a pre-packaged food contains fish or seafood, or is processed in a facility that may contaminate certain food items. Common intolerances include gluten, wheat, and lactose. She has written multiple books focused on living with irritable bowel syndrome. Read our, Jay Yepuri, MD, MS, is board-certified in gastroenterology. The acid produces open sores that can bleed and cause stomach pain. Still, pinpointing an exact cause sometimes can be tricky, especially if more than one factor is at play. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. de Brito BB, da Silva FAF, Soares AS, et al. People can find shellfish ingredients in items other than food, including some nutritional supplements, pet foods, fertilizers, and cosmetic products. Food poisoning normally only lasts a few days. Stomach (Peptic) Ulcer: Signs, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Surgery is an option, but your doctor may opt for other routes first. One of the key symptoms of food poisoning is stomach pain. While levels of these toxins are below the standards set for safety in humans, consuming too much of it or other fish could lead to health issues., The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant or nursing women limit consumption of shellfish like octopus to 12 ounces per week., Alzheimers Drug Discovery Foundation. Disorders of the pancreas can result in abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and unexplainable weight loss, says Dr. Lee. Functional dyspepsia in adults. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. you cannot poo or fart. Gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy: What does the gastroenterologist need to know? You can have a physical reaction to eating rotten food. Frozen Food Storage: Keeping It Safe and Tasty. These include: Gallstones are hard pieces of material that form in the gallbladder. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a health condition in which acid flows from your stomach back up to the esophagus, the tube that leads to your mouth. There are many situations that trigger nausea, and this can make it difficult to figure out its exact cause. Shellfish allergies occur when the bodys immune system reacts against the proteins present in these animals. Its your bodys way of getting rid of the offending agents like an infection, toxins and other things before theyre absorbed.. Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and health coach. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. This research also shows that omega-3s can: Octopus also contains taurine, an amino acid that studies show can reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels., The taurine in octopus has been found to have anti-cancer and antiviral effects. Acid reflux happens because theres a large amount of stomach acid that gets splashed back up into your esophagus (throat) and it lingers there. Gallstones sometimes cause pain after eating, especially if a meal was large or high in fat. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. U.S. Department of Agriculture. The most common cause of food poisoning in oysters is the vibrio bacteria. An overactive thyroid can cause medical problems that may affect the bones, muscles, and heart. However, people can often manage a shellfish allergy by learning how to read nutritional labels to avoid the allergen. Other symptoms include trouble sleeping, weight loss, and a rapid heartbeat. 2020; doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30469-4. Not eating spicy or fatty foods and cutting down on sugary drinks or caffeine, may also help. This content does not have an Arabic version. eating meals at regular times and not skipping meals. You may also have nausea and vomitingtwo telltale symptoms of pancreatitis that can separate it from other causes of stomach pain after eating. As a folk remedy its thought to cure impotence and heighten sexual libido. Peptic ulcers. Allscripts EPSi. Medication used to treat blood pressure can cause side effects. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. But there are some early warning signs you can look out for: Your stomach may feel full and tight, says Dr. Joyce. If you get a bloated stomach after eating, it may be a digestive issue. Chances of a severe infection of vibrio parahaemolyticus are also increased for those with weakened immune systems. Experiencing postprandial pain from time to time usually isn't a concern. If youre feeling nauseated after eating, it could be a result of a number of conditions. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Advertising on our site helps support our mission. This symptom is much less common, but can happen if youre losing a lot of blood. It can sometimes seem challenging to live with a food allergy. 2019; doi:10.1155/2019/7654947. For many different reasons, the food that a person chooses to eat may lead to their stomach hurting afterward. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) like Advil (ibuprofen), Bayer (aspirin), and Aleve (naproxen) can lead to peptic ulcers, especially if you take them for a long time. According to Dr. Joyce, this could be from a slow blood loss, which, coupled with unexpected weight loss, can be a sign of cancer. Food Allergy Research & Education: Symptoms, Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America: Seafood Allergy, Food Allergy Research & Education: Shellfish, U.S. Department of Agriculture: Get the Facts: New Food Allergen Labeling Laws. When an individual loses some excess weight, it can help avoid their stomach hurting after eating. Discuss your symptoms with your doctor before attempting to treat them yourself. Both allergies and intolerances can be caused by many different foods. If you only experience cramping without any other symptoms, you may have an intolerance towards certain seafood. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, https://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/digestive-health/Pages/beat-the-bloat.aspx, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults/eating-diet-nutrition, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/food-poisoning/, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/gallstones, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/high-blood-pressure-hypertension/treatment/, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hyperthyroidism, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/indigestion/, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/just-enough-food-portions, https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/stomach-ache-and-abdominal-pain, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-ulcer/, One-hour endoscopic procedure could eliminate the need for insulin for type 2 diabetes, New clues to slow aging? Many people have reflux symptoms from time to time. If you regularly experience stomach pains after eating shellfish, consult with a doctor to see if you have a food allergy. Stomach cramps are caused by the presence of histamine in the intestines. Most people with a shellfish allergy seem to be allergic to crustaceans, and the reactions to these foods tend to be more severe. If someone cuts down on the amount of alcohol they drink, it can have many health benefits. Being overweight can mean that a person is more likely to develop conditions such as heartburn or a stomach ulcer. This can be another cause of wind. Food, stress, constipation, and diarrhea are all possible triggers. An allergy can worsen over time, so anyone who reacts to shellfish should check in with their doctor for further evaluation and testing. Dogs get upset stomachs for many of the same reasons that humans do. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Heartburn, a burning pain in your upper chest and throat, is common, says Dr. Joyce, and isnt usually something to be worried about. If you're allergic to one type of fish you have a 50 percent chance of having an allergy to other types of fish. It is a common treatment for people with menstrual cramps, which studies have shown can ease pelvic pain and discomfort at temperatures between 40 C and 45 C (104 F and 113 F). Decaffeinated tea and decaffeinated coffee are available online. When going out to eat, it is very important to let the host or restaurant staff know about a food allergy beforehand as there may be a potential risk of cross-contamination of food dishes or cooking materials. If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the Learn about why your stomach sometimes feels tight. But if you regularly have pain after eating, or your pain is significant, it's vital that you make an appointment with your healthcare provider right away. Why does my stomach (abdomen) feel tight? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Over-the-counter medication, which is available online and known as an antacid, may help if cutting out certain foods and drinks makes no difference. Despite widespread belief in their effectiveness, alcohol and hot sauce, popular condiments for raw oysters, will not kill any deadly or harmful bacteria. These drugs are referred to as antimotility drugs since they decrease stomach and intestine motion. It is caused by an allergy to gluten, found in rye, barley, and wheat. Feeling nauseated and even vomiting. It can irritate the stomach and cause discomfort for some people. Even if all you experience are stomach pains, you should seek medical attention to be safe. Early satiety: Why do I feel full so quickly? According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, those with pancreatitis usually look and feel very sick. It feels like a burning sensation in the chest and throat. A common symptom that develops after eating seafood, if you're allergic, is stomach cramps. High-fiber diet: Good for the gut, good for your overall health. Mounsey A, et al. By Mayo Clinic Staff Abdominal pain has many potential causes. Stomach cancer can make the wall of your stomach very rigid and reduce its capacity to store food, she notes. Over the last 10 years, doctors have seen a decline in stomach cancer. There are several potential causes for stomach pain after you eat. These include constipation and sometimes stomach pain. It can lead to nutrient deficiencies and other complications. It will cause a burning pain in the middle of the stomach. Overfilling the stomach on a regular basis is not good for health. Shellfish poisoning is caused by eating shellfish contaminated with bacteria or, more commonly, viruses. It can usually be treated at home with rest and fluids. Doctors may prescribe people who have a serious allergy with an epinephrine auto-injector to carry with them. of signs you need emergency medical attention or call 911. 2019;25(37):5578-5589. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i37.5578. The stomach contains acid to break down food. Indigestion, overeating, food intolerances, and gallstones are some common causes of upper-middle stomach pain after eating, known as postprandial pain. 2018;115(13):222-232. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0222. The main symptoms of a shellfish allergy vary, but they can include vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain, and swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stomach pain and nausea often occur together and can affect both adults and children. If you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), you may have issues moving stool through your intestines. (2018, March 6). https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/indigestion-dyspepsia/all-content. Antispasmodics. Since the gallbladder may also be slower to empty, it's possible that gallstones may eventually form. The reason you may experience physical symptoms like nausea is that your brains fight or flight response kicks in, dumping a ton of hormones into your bloodstream that forces your body to react. 2019; doi:10.1111/apt.15191. This may reduce the risk of cognitive diseases like dementia or Alzheimers, and is being studied as a treatment for these degenerative diseases., Two of the omega-3 fatty acids found in octopus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are thought to prevent or treat depression and other mood disorders. Gastroenteritis is a stomach virus that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, in addition to upper stomach pain. 26th ed. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. The doctor may recommend that people with any type of shellfish allergy avoid all shellfish due to the risk of cross-contamination or the development of new allergies. However, some side effects you may have heard are completely unfounded. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. As a result, the diagnosis is based on symptoms. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is when your esophagus is harmed from excessive exposure to stomach acid resulting in chronic irritation, inflammation, ulcers and more. Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 4-48 hours after eating and include: A person who has blood in the stool and a fever may have a bacterial infection. you cannot pee. Those symptoms can be confused with many other benign (noncancerous) gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. These can range from food poisoning or allergy, Early satiety occurs when a person feels full after eating only a small amount of food. Other gastric symptoms will accompany the cramping and can lead to vomiting and diarrhea in severe cases. Upper stomach pain: 10 causes and when to see a doctor - Medical News Today Trouble often starts when people try to exceed this capacity. If stomach pain after eating continues for a long time, and lifestyle and diet changes do not work, people are advised to see a doctor. People should not hesitate to let the waitstaff know if that is a potential trigger for an allergic reaction. Frying it or cooking octopus in butter or oil can add extra fat and calorie content to your meal., Some added health benefits of including octopus in your diet may include: , Octopus is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids, "good fats" linked to a range of heart-healthy benefits. Symptoms of functional dyspepsia may include: Make an appointment with your health care provider if you experience persistent symptoms that worry you. We really need to shift back to a cleaner, mostly plant-based diet, advises Dr. Joyce. Cutting out acidic foods and eating smaller meals throughout the day can help. Fruit teas or hot water with a slice of lemon are also healthful to help people stay hydrated during the day. Pain specifically after eating usually means a gastric ulcer, or one that is in the stomach. However, persistent pain and nausea after eating may indicate a more serious health condition, such as gallstones or a stomach ulcer. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. That means it can't be explained by a medical condition, so routine testing may not show any problems or causes. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. In the event of exposure or a serious reaction, every second counts. The feeling of fullness also is called satiety. In this case, consuming smaller portions or a lactose-free product can help prevent abdominal pain. While studies continue to look into potential benefits of eating octopus, many point to the health-boosting effects found in its nutrients including some that our diets often lack. Myths about eating too much watermelon. Gallbladder, liver or pancreatic disease, or diabetes and thyroid disorders can also contribute to feeling sick after chowing down on your favorite foods. This content does not have an English version. Using certain pain relievers that are available without a prescription. Prune juice. Barbara Bolen, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and health coach. You may just have a feeling that something is off. Ever heard of someone catching a stomach bug? National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Library of Medicines list 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. An allergy to oysters can cause stomach pains, possibly making you think that you have food poisoning. What is the difference between food allergy and food intolerance? Last medically reviewed on December 23, 2022, Feeling nauseated after eating is an unpleasant sensation and can indicate one of several conditions. There are no home remedies for a shellfish allergy, but being under the care of a doctor or seeking emergency care after exposure is essential. Discomfort after eating may be a sign that a person is eating too much. However, indigestion can often be a sign of an underlying problem. Accessed Oct. 8, 2022. The stomach may feel stretched and uncomfortable, or there may be a sharp pain. When you have gall bladder disease, this important process can be disrupted and lead to nausea and other symptoms. What Causes Stomach Pain After Eating? - Healthline Eggplants belong to the nightshade family, which include tomatoes. While research is ongoing, clinical trials have found promising results in the omega-3s ability to lessen symptoms.. Common symptoms include pain or burning in the area between the breastbone and navel or bloating in the upper abdomen. it hurts when you touch your stomach. In most cases, the first time you experience a food allergy, you may have mild symptoms. Madisch A, Andresen V, Enck P, Labenz J, Frieling T, Schemann M. The diagnosis and treatment of functional dyspepsia. Once they have developed, shellfish allergies tend to be lifelong. Ann Gastroenterol. Follow these steps for someone with shellfish poisoning: There is no specific cure available for shellfish poisoning, and antibiotics do not shorten the illness. Your body can have physical reactions to stress and anxiety even if its been simmering for days on end. This can depend on how its prepared, however. How to Soothe a Stomachache: 7 Natural Remedies - Verywell Health This overview covers some of the reasons you might have pain after eating. While food producers must include an allergen statement on foods containing crustacean shellfish, the same is not true of mollusks. That causes more acid reflux in the esophagus, which leads to a condition called Barretts esophagus, and that can ultimately lead to cancer.. Also known as intestinal ischemic syndrome, this condition is caused when blood flow to your digestive organs is compromised. At-home treatment options depend on the issue. Your healthcare provider should be able to help you strike the right balance with fiber intake. Symptoms such as gas, bloating, unusual burps, cramping, and diarrhea indicate that you have eaten something that has not digested well in your stomach. Find out more about what causes swollen lips, including food or environmental allergies. Its thought to fight inflammation in the body and work as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage that is associated with cancer., Octopus also contains high levels of other antioxidants that may reduce cancer risk, like selenium, vitamin B12, and folate. (2014, November), High blood pressure (hypertension). (2016, June 15), Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Medications. A combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil for the treatment of functional dyspepsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. This is why it's crucial to see a healthcare provider. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Dr. William Blahd on WebMD says that indigestion can also cause a burning feeling in the stomach, bloating, gas and belching, and an acidic taste in the mouth. A very severe allergy can trigger anaphylaxis, which is a severe, life-threatening reaction that involves multiple body systems. The stomach pain can be the result of an allergy or because of food poisoning. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Stomach cramps will not be the only symptom resulting from a seafood allergy. 11th ed. GER is caused by acid coming up from the stomach into the food pipe. The bile created by your liver is stored in your gall bladder. Every encounter after that can escalate much faster and cause a more intense reaction. Learn more here. Although there is no cure, lifestyle changes can help. Colder waters are less hospitable to vibrio bacteria, although infection is still possible. You may even need surgery. In cases where the stomach cancer spreads to the lining of the abdomen, it can cause an accumulation of fluid within your abdominal cavity.. The Allergy and Asthma Foundation of America states that seafood allergies are commonly associated with anaphylactic shock, an extreme allergic reaction that could lead to death. If you don't, it can lead to certain cancers of the gut. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. If they block a bile duct, they can cause sharp, sudden pain. Other symptoms that may develop include hives, tingling in the mouth, lips or throat, facial swelling, skin rashes, general itching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing, difficulty breathing, coughing and nasal congestion. Eating, diet, & nutrition for GER & GERD. Abdominal pain after eating can be traced to many causes, from overeating to pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, which sits behind the stomach. People with GERD have symptoms regularly. Bloating. As you probably guessed, one of the most common reasons for stomach pain after eating is dyspepsia, which is basically just a fancy word for indigestion. Some dogs are more prone to medical conditions than others. Food poisoning sets on suddenly. However, persistent pain and nausea after eating may. Feel Like Food Is Stuck in Your Throat? They're common and treatable, but they should be taken seriously. , Octopus contains magnesium a mineral many people dont get enough of in their diet. 12 Home Remedies for Stomach Pain - Medical News Today This is especially true if they are carbonated, such as beer or sparkling wine. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. It can be a sign of a food sensitivity or eating too much. Ford AC, et al. Almost 2.5 million of Americans are diagnosed with a seafood allergy, according to Food Allergy Research & Education, or FARE. Call 999 or go to A&E if: a stomach ache came on very suddenly or is severe. Although these symptoms usually resolve within a few days, they. It can also be called acid reflux. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Gastritis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic If you have an oyster allergy, you likely have a mollusc allergy, which means other bivalves, such as mussels and clams, as well as cephalopods -- octopus and squid -- may be dangerous for you to eat. Pancreatitis can cause pain after eating. Babies and children will experience the same allergy signs and symptoms as adults. Anyone with concerns about a specific product can try calling the company phone number to get detailed information about the ingredients. Do not eat raw oysters if you have liver disease or a weakened immune system, as exposure to vibrio vulnificus can be life-threatening.
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