How do I know if my horse is having an episode of tying up? Tryon RC, Penedo MCT, McCue, ME, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Famula TR, Wagner M, Jackson M, Hamilton M, Noteboon S, Bannasch DL. The type and amount of fat to add depends on the individual horse and on the horse's weight and owner's budget. However, successive generations of offspring that received two defective genes often show more severe versions of the disease. The feeding program for a horse with PSSM should have limited sources of high starch ingredients such as sweet feed, corn, wheat, oats, barley, and molasses. The cause of PSSM2 remains unknown; there may actually be multiple causes. Sections of muscle are evaluated with a number of special stains. Our laboratory now distinguishes type 1 PSSM (PSSM1) and type 2 PSSM (PSSM2). When the horse can exercise for 15 minutes, a five-minute break at a walk can be provided, and then a few intervals of walk and trot can gradually be increased. Once the tests are complete, AQHA will notify the owners and put the results on the horses record and certificate of registration. A review of the diagnosis and treatment of rhabdomyolysis in foals proceedings Am Assoc Equine Pract 2002 pp117-121. portalId: "5002023", Vet Clin Equine 34 (2018) 253276. Ensuring an adequate source of quality protein in the diet appears to be important. 88 Hollow Pine Dr Debary Florida(FL) 32713, 2023 Arew - WordPress Theme by Kadence WP. Wellness Valberg SJ, Geyer CJ, Sorum S and Cardinet III GH. East Lansing, MI 48824, Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory. You should consider a muscle biopsy for horses with muscle pain if they test negative for PSSM 1. , The Interplay of genetics, exercise and nutrition in polysaccharide storage myopathy. The most common breeds that get PSSM are American Quarter Horses, Draft Horses, and Warmbloods. The total non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) should not be not more than 12% of the diet. The disease is also known as Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (EPSM) or tying up of the horse. By definition horses with PSSM1 have a distinctive genetic mutation in the gene. Herszberg B, McCue ME, Larcher T, Xavier Mata X, Vaiman A, Chaffaux S, Chrel Y, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gurin G. A GYS1 gene mutation is highly associated with PSSM1 in Cob Normand draft horses. Shortened stride. That is why they should be avoided and extra calories can be provided in the form of fat. An important part of the management of PSSM horses is daily exercise. The Quarter Horse gets its name from its ability to outrun other horse breeds in races of a quarter mile or less; some have been clocked at speeds up to 44 mph (70.8 km/h). Once cool, the horse may have free access to water. The greatest difficulty in owning a horse with PSSM1 is the time commitment to keep the horse fit and the moderate expense of special feeds. The success of the management of EPSSM is mostly based on the correct and, Regular exercise is the best way to prevent and manage PSSM in horses. Valberg SJ, Cardinet III GH, Carlson GP, and DiMauro, S. Polysaccharide storage myopathy associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis in the horse. Muscle stiffness, sweating, and reluctance to move are common symptoms. Exercise: Regular daily exercise is extremely important for managing horses with PSSM1. Most of the draft horse breeds are more prone to PSSM as they feed more carbohydrates. Genetic Testing: Whole blood or hair roots can be submitted for PSSM1 genetic testing to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (800) 605-8787. Recent research shows that the reason for this is that PSSM muscles are very sensitive to insulin beginning as early as six months of age. The mutation causes this glycogen synthase enzyme to be overactive, increased in activity especially in the presence of insulin resulting in constant production of glycogen. In type-2 PSSM, glycogen deposited in the muscle cell abnormally and is not a normal phenomenon. These areas are slow to heal, and many horses with HERDA are euthanized due to slow-healing injuries. There is less evidence-based data available regarding management of horses with PSSM2 than those with PSSM1, but they are often treated similarly. If a horse is N/N but is showing signs of tying-up or muscle pain, it is possible that the horse has another muscle disorder which must be diagnosed by muscle biopsy. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a disease that results in an abnormal accumulation of glycogen (sugar) in the muscles. Tying up manifests as muscle stiffness, cramping, sweating and resistance to movement. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, Karges TL, Benedict LE, Annandale EJ, Seaquist ER. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) is a chronic muscular condition in horses that comes under the broader heading of "tying up," or exertional rhabdomyolysis. Some horses will try pawing and rolling immediately after exercise. Genetic panel and DNA test: $120 for members and $175 for nonmembers. Yes. Exertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds; one syndrome, multiple etiologies. Adherence to a strict diet will also help horses with PSSM1. @media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { However, with proper management and care, horses with PSSM can live long and healthy lives. The mutation in the GYS1 gene causes unregulated synthesis of glycogen, which results in excessive sugar in muscle cells. Of these, 62.9% of them were Quarter Horse-related breeds. 2009 Mar;179(3):336-47. Factors affecting assessment of Insulin Sensitivity in Horses. Diagnosis of the GYS1 gene by in some reputed Equine Laboratory in the United States and Europe like Michigan University Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory, University of California, Laboklin in Europe. The amount added is usually between 1/2 and 2 cups. 2009 Jan;19(1):37-43. Most horses with PSSM1 have a history of numerous episodes of muscle stiffness at the commencement of training; however, mildly affected horses may have only one or two episodes/year. PSSM is caused by a build-up of glycogen in the muscles, which can be caused by a genetic mutation. Affected horses experience increased muscle metabolism, fever often exceeding 109 degrees F, excessive sweating, high heart rate, abnormal heart rhythm, shallow breathing, hypertension, muscle rigidity, breakdown of muscle tissue, muscle protein in the urine and/or death. The cause of Type 2 PSSM has yet to be identified. The knowledge on the condition, how it occurs, the signs, and the mode of correction will reduce the owners tension. Prevalence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in horses with neuromuscular disorders. The mutation causing PSSM1 is a point mutation in the gene that codes for the skeletal muscle form of the glycogen synthase enzyme. Since many horses with PSSM are easy keepers, the first dietary criterion is to remove high starch ingredients. Rules 1993, 2:351-359. Type 1 PSSM is caused by a mutation in the GYS1 gene. Few horse breeds are more susceptible to PSSM than other breeds. An old theory about tying-up is that it is due to too much lactic acid in the muscle. Breeds Affected: Animal Genetics offers DNA testing and detection for markers identifying horses that could suffer from PSSM in American Paint horses, Appaloosas, Draft Breeds, Quarter horses (horse with quarter horse blood) and Warmbloods. An autosomal dominant disease caused by point mutation in the SCN4A gene. Equine Vet J 1999;31:43-47. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JE, Carlson GP, and Jones SL. To help breeders make informed decisions, AQHA offers a panel test for five genetic diseases. A nutritionist can select the appropriate feed and amounts based on this information. Once fit, some PSSM horses thrive with as little as four days of exercise as long as they receive daily turnout. The beneficial effect of the low starch, high fat diet is believed to be the result of less glucose uptake into muscle cells and provision of more plasma free fatty acids for use in muscle fibers during aerobic exercise. The managemental guide also simple; diet and exercise. Michigan State University In-Depth Muscle Disorders. The routine exercise includes walk, lunging, riding, and turnout. The condition is known as exertional Rhabdomyolysis. The effects of these genetic diseases are wide-ranging, from mild and manageable to severe and terminal. Treatment All breeds of horse with PSSM benefit from regular exercise to improve their capacity to burn fuels with oxygen and a high fibre, grain-restricted or grain-free . Fluid, electrolyte and renal abnormalities associated with acute rhabdomyolysis in four neonatal foals. PSSM1 is rare to nonexistent in some breeds and therefore testing is not recommended for horses with tying up in breeds such as Arabians, Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. Polysaccharide storage myopathy or PSSM is a muscle disease that occurs primarily in horses with Quarter Horse bloodlines such as Quarter Horses, Paint Horses, and Appaloosas. Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Gallant EM, MacLeay JM, Lentz L and De La Corte FD. 1999 (accepted). Clinical signs of PSSM range from mild to severe. There are currently no scientifically verified DNA tests for PSSM2, but a muscle biopsy can be performed for diagnosis. Horses with PSSM1 have deep purple inclusions of an abnormal complex sugar stored in fibers. Determine if the horse is dehydrated, due to excessive sweating. Polysaccharide storage myopathy or PSSM is a muscle disease that occurs primarily in horses with Quarter Horse bloodlines such as Quarter Horses, Paint Horses, and Appaloosas. Inheritance of PSSM1: Each horse has two copies of every gene (genotype), one inherited from the dam and one from the sire. After a confirmatory diagnosis of the disease, you can go for a few managemental procedures to correct the condition in your horse. Learn more about the five equine diseases it covers HYPP, PSSM1, MH, GBED and HERDA. In some breeds, horses with the genetic mutation for PSSM1 are asymptomatic. If this occurs, they should go back to the fitness program described above using longeing or round pen work. For chronic cases, prolonged rest after an episode appears to be counterproductive and predisposes PSSM horses to further episodes of muscle pain. Valberg SJ. How do I know if I should do the genetic test or the muscle biopsy? Rather, horses should begin small paddock turn out as soon as reluctance to move has abated. **This article may not be reproduced without the written consent of the UC Davis Center for Equine Health. Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1) is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the normal form of sugar stored in muscle (glycogen) as well as an abnormal form of sugar (amylase-resistant polysaccharide) in muscle tissue. PSSM is a progressive disease, which means that it will continue to get worse over time. Insulin can further worsen PSSM because it causes the GYS1 gene to produce even more glycogen. Horses with Type 2 PSSM lack the mutation that is specific for Type 1 PSSM. This will need to be tailored to your individual horses needs and abilities. About AQHA There are several possible theories as to why some horses are more susceptible to tying-up than others. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'thevetexpert_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_11',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thevetexpert_com-medrectangle-3-0'); There are two types of PSSM in horses: Type-1 and Type-2. Related: Feeding Horses with Special Nutritional Needs. This will help prevent spikes in blood sugar levels and minimize the risk of glycogen build-up in the muscles. Chronic signs of type 1 PSSM in riding horses include a lack of energy when under saddle, reluctance to move forward, stopping and stretching as if to urinate, and a sour attitude toward exercise. 2010 Nov 13;167(20):781-4. 2007 Nov;39(6):567-75. A muscle biopsy may be taken to evaluate muscle damage and measure the amount of glycogen in the muscle. Horses must exercise daily to maximize the muscles ability to burn glycogen. The signs are most often seen in horses when they are put into initial training or after a lay-up period when they receive little active exercise. Vet Pathol. CanStockPhoto/Vanell. Animal Welfare and Advocacy. They include sweating, lameness, sore muscles, undiagnosed lameness, poor performance, and muscle tremors (tying up). Increase in Creatine Kinase enzyme in blood and urine. Researchers have not yet determined what causes PSSM Type 2. Increased muscle damage due to creatine kinase enzymes. We know that both are the result of the abnormal accumulation of muscle glycogen which is the storage form of glucose in muscles. What breeds get PSSM? You must avoid the complete rest of your horse. PSSM2, but not MFM, has been diagnosed in Quarter horses. 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):1228-33. Cont. Type 1 PSSM is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Horses with PSSM typically have calm dispositions and are in good body condition. Work at a walk and trot can be gradually increased by two minutes each day. Research conducted at the University of Minnesota has identified two types of PSSM. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:1956-1964. The SACA PT was prolonged compared to the instrument RI in 10 of 102 horses, including 2 of 50 healthy horses, 6 of 26 horses from group 1, and 2 of 26 horses from group 2. Hunt LM, Valberg SJ, Steffenhagen K and McCue ME. Horses that are managed properly can generally go on to have successful performance careers. College of Veterinary Medicine | Equine Vet J. Type 2 PSSM refers to PSSM that occurs without genetic mutation. Breeding and foal care, , Diagnostic Approach to Muscle Disorders. When designing a feeding program for horses with PSSM, it is important to limit energy sources containing high starch ingredients such as sweet feed, corn, wheat, oats, barley, and molasses. Reducing the amount of glucose in a horse's diet, coupled with a consistent exercise routine, will likely reduce episodes. Description: PSSMis a common form of tying up. EquiManagement December 2022. Firshman AM, Baird JD and Valberg SJ. Prevalence and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses. There are several management strategies involving rest, exercise, and nutrition that should be applied when treating horses with PSSM. In an easy keeping horse, when you add fat the cheapest way to do so is to add oil or a solid fat supplement onto a pelleted ration balancer that provides enough energy. International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology Equine Vet J Suppl. Exercise should begin with light slow uncollected work on a longe-line or under saddle beginning with once a day for 3-5 minutes at a walk and trot. It's likely an old genetic mutation that occurred prior to the foundation of most modern horse breeds. Regents of the University of Minnesota. PSSM is a common condition in Quarter Horses, with a prevalence of 40.1%. This may involve feeding a forage-based diet with limited grain, or a grain-free diet. These signs are most commonly muscle stiffness, sweating, and reluctance to move in conjunction with increased serum creatine kinase (CK) activity. Muscle glycogen concentrations in affected horses are up to four times greater than in normal horses. .hs-button{background-color: #6284a9; border-radius: 3px;} **Conflict of interest statement: A portion of the profits from Re-Leve is contributed to Stephanie Valberg. There are two types of PSSM. Horses with Type 1 PSSM can be identified by genetic testing. From: 2003. There are several steps that can be taken to help prevent tying-up in horses. One is to feed a diet that is high in calories and low in carbohydrates. I Love Horses Handcrafted Bags & Scrunchies, The Not-So-Fab Four: Diseases Resulting in Hind Limb Gait Deficits, Feeding Horses with Special Nutritional Needs, FEI Tribunal Hands Down Record Sanction in Horse Abuse Case, Conditioning Horses: Stability Before Strength. Reintroducing exercise: Re-introduction of exercise after an acute episode of ER in PSSM1 horses needs to be gradual. In addition to a salt block in the stall, an electrolyte supplement should be offered to horses in hot, humid weather. The periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) stain is used to look at the amount of sugar stored as glycogen in the muscle. The symptoms of PSSM include tying-up, cramping, and muscle pain. }). For horses with PSSM1, a diet high in carbohydrates and/or lack of exercise appear to exacerbate PSSM1. PSSM1 occurs in Warmbloods but it accounts for less than 10% of the cases of PSSM in this breed (more likely to have type 2 PSSM). There is a 50% chance that the PSSM1-positive horses offspring will contract the disease, regardless of who the breeding partner is. Cytogenetics and genome research. Passing these diseases on to successive generations often causes unnecessary suffering and also leads to financial losses for breeders. Continued research into PSSM in Quarter Horses resulted in the discovery of a genetic mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 gene in this herd of research horses. Valberg SJ. The disease is characterized by muscular weakness, lethargy, reluctant to rise, muscle damage, increase serum creatinine, and reduced performance.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'thevetexpert_com-box-3','ezslot_8',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thevetexpert_com-box-3-0'); In the typical system, excess glucose stirred in the liver cell and muscle cell as glycogen. The glycogen deposited in the cells is used for energy production. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1718-1723. PSSM is a condition that affects horses and is the most common in American Quarter Horses. A mutation in this gene causes the muscle cells to continually make glycogen. PSSM is caused by an abnormal build-up of glycogen in the muscle cells. Thus, sugar from a horses diet can stimulate an insulin response. American Assoc. Required fields are marked *. PSSM cannot be cured but it can be managed. Glycogen is a type of sugar that is stored in the muscles and used for energy. Simply pluck hair from your horse's mane or tail in adequate numbers and deeply enough to include the bulb of tissue at the bottom of the follicle, and package and send the sample to the AQHA. Tying up in quarter horses and related breeds. Another theory suggests that tie-up might be caused by an electrolyte imbalance. .hs-main-font-element{color: #29353d} The condition is known as exertional Rhabdomyolysis. PSSM is caused by a build-up of glycogen in the muscles, which can be caused by a genetic mutation. Weakness 2008 May 8 e pub Vet J. Approximately 11% of quarter horses are affected by PSSM1. Rice bran or vegetable oils can stabilize blood sugar and provide energy. Testing of all of the muscle samples submitted to the NMDL that were diagnosed by muscle biopsy as having PSSM showed that not all horses diagnosed with PSSM by muscle biopsy have the mutation. Description: The mutation of the GBE1 gene reduces the function of the glycogen branching enzyme so that cardiac and skeletal muscle, the liver and the brain cannot store and mobilize glycogen. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Jackson M, Lucio M, Borgia L and Mickelson JR. Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Phenotype in Quarter Horse-Related Breeds is Modified by the Presence of an RYR1 Mutation. Many exercise studies have proven that this is absolutely not the case with PSSM1. Myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) is a muscle disease in Quarter Horses and related breeds that results in two distinct clinical disease presentations, immune-mediated myositis (IMM) and non-exertional rhabdomyolysis. Enhanced glucose uptake in horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1). It is estimated that approximately 3 percent of horses from a variety of breeds suffer from tying-up, according to a study conducted by Valberg in 2018. An old theory about tying-up is that it is due to too much lactic acid in the muscle. Affects: Eleven percent of American Quarter Horses. These cases are referred to as PSSM Type 2. . Painful, firm, and sore forming in the back and hindquarter muscle. 11.5% were Draught breeds. Healthcare and medication, , While a good balance of Omega 3 to 6 ratio may be important for other health reasons it does not appear to impact the response to fat diets in PSSM1 horses. Please email requests tocehadmin@ucdavis.edu. Horses with Quarter Horse bloodlines like Quarter Horses and Paints are prone to developing Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy, or PSSM. It is also important to make sure that horses have access to plenty of fresh water and are given electrolytes if they are working hard or sweating excessively. Low starch high fat concentrates: These feeds are only suitable if horses are going to consume enough to get a balance of vitamins and minerals as well as some fat. Horses with PSSM can exhibit symptoms without exercise. There is no cure for PSSM, but most affected horses can be managed successfully through diet and exercise. There appears to be a second genetic mutation (MH) that makes signs of PSSM1 more severe in Quarter Horses and related breeds. If the pasture is lush, grazing should be restricted either by moving to another pasture, dry lot or by using a grazing muzzle. Rest: For chronic cases, prolonged rest after an episode appears to be counterproductive and predisposes PSSM1 horses to further episodes of muscle pain. Firshman AM, Valberg SJ, B Bender JB, Annandale EJ, Hayden DW. An autosomal dominant disease caused by mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) gene. You can test your horse for PSSM 1 through the University of Minnesotas Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. If you are benefited by reading, please share it with your friends who owned horses. Vet Pathol. Borgia LA, Valberg SJ, McCue ME, Watts K, Pagan JD Glycemic and insulinemic responses to feeding hay with different nonstructural carbohydrate content in control and Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy-affected horses. Researchers have found that more than 75 percent of horses with PSSM stopped tying-up when proper diet and exercise routines were followed. , This initial work should be very mild and very short in duration. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'thevetexpert_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_6',114,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thevetexpert_com-medrectangle-4-0'); Glucose is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism. PSSM is a condition that causes the horses muscles to break down, which can lead to pain, stiffness, and lameness. Tying up refers to painful muscle cramping in horses. Horses with PSSM1 can exhibit symptoms without exercise. Valberg, S.J. Type-1 PSSM is a disease because a specific cause has identified. The effect of dietary odd and even carbon fat on metabolic response and muscle damage with exercise in Quarter Horse-related breeds with Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy Am J Vet Res. The glycogen deposited in the cells is used for energy production. Ribeiro W, Valberg SJ, Pagan JD and Essen Gustavsson B. PSSM2 is most commonly found in warmbloods and Arabians. The ideal diet for PSSM is based on feeding forage at a rate of 1.5%-2% body wt, providing >15% of digestible energy as fat and limiting starch to < 10% of daily digestible energy by . Do not force the horse to walk. Becoming a Horseman: What Does it Mean Today? How do I Remove Thompsons Water Seal from Wood? Type 1 PSSM. The amount of oil can be added gradually monitoring the horses exercise tolerance and weight. Stallions Tested for: HERDA, HYPP, GBED, PSSM, and MH. Am J Vet Res 1996;57:286-290. A glycogen synthase 1 mutation associated with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy and exertional rhabdomyolysis occurs in a variety of UK breeds. Valberg SJ. Muscle biopsies can be done for the presence of glycogen in the muscle cells. McCue ME, Valberg SJ. It was first recognized in horses with Quarter Horse bloodlines such as Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses and Appaloosas and in draft and warmblood breeds with continental European bloodlines (Belgian and Percheron, for example). There are two types of PSSM. Since PSSM1 is an autosomal dominant trait, there is at least a 50% chance of passing the causative mutation to each offspring. PSSM horses, however, will always be predisposed to this condition if their diet or exercise schedule is disrupted. If both diet and exercise are altered, then 90 percent of horses have no or few episodes of tying-up. For example, a 500-kg horse on a routine of light exercise generally requires 18 MCal/day of digestible energy (DE). portalId: "5002023", Consequently, after light work the horse may experience soreness and muscle cramping. Genomics 2008 May;91(5):458-66. This is the classic diagnostic feature of PSSM1 muscle. Under saddle, affected horses may be reluctant to go forward or collect. An Epidemiologic Study of Myopathies in Warmblood Horses. Reluctance to move or exercise. This can cause a hypermetabolic state (increased metabolism) and may result in death. Type 1 PSSM is caused by a mutation in the GYS1 gene and occurs in over 20 horse breeds. The exercise should not be laborious for every day; instead, it should continue a regular structured work. The prevalence of this mutation in Belgian horses is as much as 50%. MH is triggered by the use of the anesthetic halothane, the muscle relaxant succinylcholine and stress. Sore muscles, muscle weakness and cramping are all signs of PSSM. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Treatment will vary depending on the severity of the episode and may include IV fluids, anti-inflammatory medication and rest. 2009 Jan 1;234(1):120-5. The genetic test used by AQHA identifies PSSM1 mutation. DeLaCorte FD and Valberg SJ. Affects: Approximately 3.5 percent of American Quarter Horses are carriers. Since it is an autosomal dominant trait, only one copy of the mutation is needed for a horse to be affected. If they become ill from other causes, they may again develop clinical signs again. PSSM in horses is the abnormal deposition of polysaccharides (Glycogen) in the horses muscle cell. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In severe cases, HYPP can cause collapse or sudden death. 1. The diet should be composed of low sugar and starch, not more than 1.5 to 2% of the horses body weight per day. 2020. Get the monthly horse newsletter by email. Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage disease (PSSM1) is a potentially life-threatening glycogen storage disease (glycogenosis) that affects skeletal muscles. The risk of producing an affected offspring when breeding a horse with PSSM1 is much higher because it is a dominant disease. Genetic testing Here they can perform DNA blood or hair tests. Type 1 PSSM is caused by a mutation in the GYS1 gene and occurs in over 20 horse breeds. Most PSSM1 horses are calm and not easily stressed, however, if stress is a precipitating fact, stressful environmental elements should be minimized. Approximately 50% of affected horses with PSSM1 show improvement under dietary management alone. This leads to muscle pain and stiffness, sweating, exercise intolerance and weakness. The signs are most often seen in horses when they are put into initial training or after a lay-up period when they receive little active turn-out.
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