Meta-analysis found small but statistically significant effect sizes in favor of music therapy for gestural communication, verbal communication, and behavioral problems [23]. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. (2019). High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews. Results from this overview suggest that certain interventions can be effective in improving child and adolescent health outcomes, and thus may be worthwhile for integration into school health programs. The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. Silver Spring, MD: Author. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Citations identified from the systematic search were uploaded to Covidence systematic review software [12] and duplicates were automatically deleted. Health Record to Teacher: Purpose: 1. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. Funding issues. It can even provide reports, process results, students transcripts and . Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. S6 Appendix. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex C. Systematic overview of systematic reviews of comprehensive school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex D. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: methodology, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex E. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: evidence summaries, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex F. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness and acceptability of comprehensive school health services: GRADE evidence profiles and evidence-to-decision table, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex G. Survey of expert opinion on school health services: methodology and select findings, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex H. Menu of interventions with WHO resources, Maternal, Newborn, Child & Adolescent Health & Ageing. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. A key limitation of this overview is that only publications self-titled systematic reviews were included. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Confidence in results ranged from high (three or fewer non-critical weaknesses) to critically low (more than three critical flaws with or without non-critical weaknesses) [17]. School nurses also maintain health records on students who fall outside the typical health care provider systems and whose only source of care may be the school nurse. Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. Evans and colleagues reviewed seven RCTs from China, India, and Tanzania on vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits at or before school entry (Table 3H) [21]. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. Advancement in the use of EHRs occurred with the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which provides incentives for p Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. We would like to thank Tomas Allen for his guidance and support in designing the search strategy. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. This means they may be reviewed by teachers and other school ocials who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. What is a school health assessment?A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students health and educational outcomes. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. This overview makes an important first step toward that guideline. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. This decision was made because of the vast numbers of reviews available and the increased rigor associated with the term systematic. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. The CCA is calculated using three variables: the number of index publications (r), the number of total publications (N), and the number of SRs within the overview (c). 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. School health will be fully integrated into the greater healthcare system to provide a holistic, child-centered, health system. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. Maintaining Student Records One of your essential duties as a teacher is to maintain student records. 80% (n = 16) of SRs included in this overview were given ratings of low or critically low confidence using the AMSTAR 2 checklist, although this is not unusual given the stringency of the checklist. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. division of school health school health record name: last, first, middle birthdate: month, day, year gender: male female father's name: last, first, middle . Children's health records can help child care providers identify preven-tive health needs such as immunizations or dental care, prepare a special care plan for children with chronic health conditions . School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. School records include books, documents, diskettes and files that contain information on what goes on in school as well as other relevant information pertaining to the growth and development of the school. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. A school official must make a reasonable effort to notify the parent before complying with the subpoena unless the subpoena is issued to enforce a law and specifies not to notify the parent. This initiative is dedicated to promoting development of school health programs and increasing the number of health-promoting schools, characterized by WHO as a school constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working [1]. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . The School plays a very important role in health education and promotion at the crucial stage of childhood and adolescence. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. PLoS ONE 14(6): Hardware interventions included provision of sanitary products and software interventions focused on menstrual management education. This overview found only one SR that assessed obesity treatment and prevention delivered by a health professional in schools, despite the fact that over 340 million school-age children and adolescents were overweight or obese in 2016 [46]. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. II. Although at least 102 countries have school health services, there is no rigorous, evidence-based guidance on which school health services are effective and should be implemented in schools. A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. Chung and colleagues systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed universal sleep education programs as compared to no additional sleep intervention from Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Hong Kong (Table 3G) [20].
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