However, few studies have investigated the factors and potential predictors of negative conversion in children infected with Omicron variants. And the symptoms of someone who has been vaccinated, or has prior exposure to the virus, may start earlier than an unvaccinated person or one who hasnt been infected. A cycle threshold (Ct) value was used to approximately reflect the viral loads in the respiratory tract [10]. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Initial symptoms could be congestion, runny nose and fever, which are consistent with the immune system quickly recognizing the virus and attacking it. No matter what sickness you're afflicted with, one of the best ways to help your body get over it is by making sure you're well-hydrated. However, rapid antigen tests can more reliably detect infectious cases . As such, it's recommended to wash your hands often with soap and water or hand sanitizer with 60% alcohol. Do You Need to Retest After a Positive COVID-19 Result? Fever is known to be a predominant symptom in all variants of COVID-19 and is a common immune response. People can be contagious regardless of whether they are showing symptoms, and many coronavirus-infected people will show no symptoms at all. Self-testing at home or anywhere. Follow FDA and manufacturer's instructions, including for the number of times you may need to test. The Shanghai CDC and other nucleic acid testing laboratories used RTPCR targeting the open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) and nucleocapsid protein (N) genes to detect SARS-CoV-2 in oropharyngeal, nasal, and nasopharyngeal swabs. High asymptomatic carriage with the Omicron variant in South Africa. Differences in incidence and fatality of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant versus Delta variant in relation to vaccination coverage: a world-wide review[J]. Nat Med. There is a potential blind spot of at least one day in which both PCR and antigen tests are unable to detect the contagious status of a coronavirus-positive person. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence forpersistent fecal viral shedding. especially for the asymptomatic," Ko added, is accurately ruling out an infection. Anything less than your best means you should take every sniffle, ache, or cough seriously. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. Blint, G. et al. The secret delegate battle that will decide the 2024 Republican nominee, The Dark Brandonmeme and why the Biden campaign has embraced it explained. Google Scholar. 2021;12(1):2037. Garrett N, Tapley A, Andriesen J, et al. Additionally, we investigated factors associated with intermittent negative status. Intermittent negative status was defined as patients with redetectable viral RNA after showing a negative RTPCR test, with a duration from the first day of showing a negative nucleic acid test until the beginning of consecutive negative tests [14]. Am J Gastroenterol. Other experts have said to look out for a runny nose and/or headache. But those warnings hadnt received much attention in the months preceding the Omicron surge. It can be hard to tell if you have COVID-19 or something else. To learn more or opt-out, read our Cookie Policy. Gastroenterology. 2a). In December 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention changed its recommendations for isolation after a positive test, with the number of days someone must isolate being largely dependent on the presence of symptoms. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples From a Hong Kong Cohort: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Loske J, Rohmel J, Lukassen S, Stricker S, Magalhes VG, Liebig J, et al. 1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Am J Gastroenterol. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval, Negative conversion curves according to predictors. It was found that the higher the household vaccination rates, the shorter the time for the children to negative conversion. Given what we currently know about COVID-19 and the Omicron variant, CDC is shortening the recommended time for isolation for the public. Oral or intravenous antibiotics are prescribed only when laboratory tests suggest a risk of bacterial infection or when the children have symptoms of a bacterial infection. In the 03y group, 97% had received no vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 (Fig. the bottom line is that people should test negative before returning to work and gathering with others, regardless of symptoms, Noymer said. As Omicron cases continue to spread, COVID-19 testing is still a key defense in halting the spread of asymptomatic cases. 2022;3(6):37187.e9. All authors have read and approved the article. Next, the factors with statistical significance (P<0.05) were further analysed using the logistic regression model, and ORs were calculated. Thats what happened recently with the 28-year-old son of Dr. Robert Wachter, the chair of UC San Franciscos Department of Medicine. Liang W, Feng Z, Rao S, et al. but you test . J Med Virol. Only 5 children tried a new oral small-molecule drug called Paxlovid, which was Manufactured by Pfizer and approved by the WHO for adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 and children aged 12 and over. Patient numbers are shown below each group. Google Scholar, ChinaNationalHealthCommission. This study aimed to identify the related risk factors and potential predictors of SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative conversion by describing the dynamics of viral shedding in infected children admitted to two hospitals from Shanghai during the Omicron variant outbreak. Updated March 30, 2022. Cloete J, Kruger A, Masha M, et al. Target Ther. To help you better understand what counts as a symptom, Vox spoke to three experts. A total of 603 paediatric patients confirmed to have COVID-19 were included in this study. Most of the patients were asymptomatic or mild (over 99%), a few were moderate, and no severe or critical case was observed. While Arcturus is similar to other variants, it does differ in a few key ways. A new strain of coronavirus has come to town, and its one that behaves a little differently than its preceding variants thanks to its tendency to give people pink eye. 03y, patients aged 03 years old; 46y, patients aged 46 years old; 714y, patients aged 714 years old; 1518y, patients aged 1518 years old. Taking Tylenol, doing something to deal with the symptoms is certainly not going to hurt you. N Engl J Med. Why is Frank McCourt really pushing it? Even if you test negative, stay home and self-quarantine for the full 7 days. Rapid test starts showing negative results about the time contagiousness ends, Mina said. For people who think they may be experiencing symptoms but need to leave the house, the safest way to move about society requires wearing a high-quality mask around others, Salinas says, and isolating to the extent that you can. Clinical characteristics of patients aged 018 with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.5.2 in Guangzhou. First, the data included basic information, disease status, clinical characteristics, vaccination status and other information that was as complete as possible. A total of 17.9% (108 patients) of the population was allergic to food, drugs or other contacts. 2020;76:1420. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257. c The percentages of asymptomatic, mild, and moderate cases of the BA.5.2 strain of COVID-19 in patients aged 018 years. Rapid at-home tests are more likely to give a false negative result in asymptomatic cases. These findings provide important implications for reducing the retransmission of SARS-CoV-2 and hospital readmissions. Some health experts are now warning that you can test negative for coronavirus even if youre infected and contagious while still being visibly healthy. Omicron: increased transmissibility and decreased pathogenicity. Please also read our Privacy Notice and Terms of Use, which became effective December 20, 2019. A primary school has denied forcing pupils to take Covid tests before allowing them to attend. Unless youre able to regularly test, take note of how youre feeling every day and continue to mask up in public settings. Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 9). https://www.shio.gov.cn/TrueCMS/shxwbgs/2022n_6y/2022n_6y.html. The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Firstly, pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper respiratory tract of children can control SARS-CoV-2 infection in early childhood with a stronger antiviral response than in adults.2 Secondly, children convalescing from COVID-19 show more robust humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 than convalescent adults.3 Additionally, ACE2 gene expression is significantly lower in younger than older children. For this test, a swab was used in his throat before being placed in his nose. To take the guesswork out, we recommend using a take-home test to see where you stand. 2020;728:138812. de Oliveira GLV, Oliveira CNS, Pinzan CF, de Salis LVV, Cardoso CRDB. Unlike adults, only 4 patients had fatigue, and none had a decrease or loss of smell or taste. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019[J]. The FDA made the change Thursday based on evidence that people with an omicron infection but who are asymptomatic need multiple negative rapid antigen tests over a number of days to be. 2020;53:47380. Asymptomatic carriers of COVID are more likely to spread the virus largely because they are less likely to be wearing a mask or quarantining if they dont have symptoms, Abraar Karan, MD, MPH, infectious disease fellow in the Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine at Stanford Medicine, told Verywell. Digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients with mild disease severity: clinical presentation, stool viral RNA testing, and outcomes[J]. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (Sig Transduct Target Ther) Sig Transduct Target Ther 8, 163 (2023). The key is to determine any differences between how you feel on your best days and right now. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viana R, Moyo S, Amoako DG, et al. 23, 4049 (2022). 2020;323(15):15023. Fourthly, although the viral sub-lineage and critical mutations are important prognostic indicators in children, it is too hard to sequence the virus strain in every infected child under Chinas COVID-19 emergency policy at that time. Comparing the patients with and without gastrointestinal symptoms, we found significant differences in the duration of negative conversion, ORFab value, and N value between the two groups at admission. Asymptomatic people can still spread COVID-19. Thank you for visiting nature.com. . It can be hard to tell if you have COVID-19 or something else. Epidemiological and clinical features of children with the Omicron BA.5.2 subvariant in Guangzhou. Asymptomatic means you feel in your best shape ever, says Jorge Salinas, an assistant professor of medicine and hospital epidemiologist at Stanford University. Then something changed, Most of Yosemite Valley is closed due to potentially perilous snowpack and flooding, Four dead in apparent mass shooting in Mojave, What was behind the protest against an archaeologist at last weeks L.A. Times Book Festival, Column: If not cops or guns, what will it take to make us feel safe? As scientists learn what makes . This retrospective cohort included laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection from Shanghai between March 28 and May 31, 2022. However . As pointed out by the WHO in its one-year summary of Omicron on November 25, 2022, the severity of the disease caused by this variant is on average lower than that caused by Delta. The 03y group cleared viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) faster than the older age groups (Fig. Data were gathered from the medical records of Guangzhou Eighth Peoples Hospital during October 1st, 2022 to November 30th, 2022 on patients aged 18 years diagnosed with Omicron BA.5.2 variant. A $300-million (minimum) gondola to Dodger Stadium? The authors declare that they have no competing interests. As of October 14, 2022, the number of COVID-19 cases globally exceeded 620 million, and the number of deaths exceeded 6.54 million [1]. You are doing great. CAS As a result, we had to eliminate some of these indices. PCR vs. Nat Commun. Weve been so surprised so many times by things that have differed from our expectations. CAS the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in A global review comparing differences in the incidence and fatality of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant versus Delta variant in relation to vaccination coverage revealed that the decreased incidence and fatality were largely a result of the decreased pathogenicity of Omicron in addition to the increased vaccination coverage during the Omicron epidemic [21]. 0-dose, not vaccinated; 2-dose, received two doses of the vaccine; 3-dose, received three doses of the vaccine. As shown above, age, fever, severity of clinical outcome, defecation, sore throat, personal vaccination, and household vaccination rates were significantly related to negative RNA conversion. The average age of the patients was 41.1months, ranging from 30days to 16.5years old. This also pertains to those that are vaccinated. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 and 2). How the chronological changes in viral loads from faecal samples correlate with disease prognosis merits further investigation. The peak fever of most of the infants aged 01 year was over 39C. We even evaluated the protective effect of household vaccination rates on children on account of the specific importance of households in the context of infectious disease dynamics. BMC Infect Dis 23, 264 (2023). The median time of the children in the intermittent negative status group was 14days (IQR: 1115) and that in the nonintermittent group was 11days (IQR: 913). A South African study published in March did find that the first omicron variants appeared to cause more asymptomatic infections. Factors associated with negative conversion of viral RNA in hospitalized children infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Shanghai, China: a retrospective analysis. Lancet. Multiple negative test results increase the confidence that you are not infected with the virus that causes . The vaccination rates among the cohort were 84.33% (103/134) in the 46y group, 95.28% (202/212) in the 714y group, and 93.06% (67/72) in the 1518y group respectively. Omicron symptoms tend to stray slightly, with data out of South Africa indicating that people with omicron experience a scratchy or sore throat, nasal congestion, dry cough, and muscle pain, including low back pain. Amy Isler, RN, MSN, CSN, is a registered nurse with over six years of patient experience. Its worthwhile to have insight into the frequency of asymptomatic infections to understand the burden of Covid at a given time and to gauge how patterns in asymptomatic, mild and moderate illness change over time, including from variant to variant, said Fischer, who is principal investigator for universitys Prevent Covid U study. In our study, negative conversion of viral SARS-CoV-2, as time-to-event data, was the outcome measure. What we often find in people who are vaccinated and get Covid is they think they are asymptomatic but when you talk to them, they have had a slight cough they thought was allergies, they had a little bit of a runny nose, they had a little bit of a sore throat, says John D. Goldman, an infectious disease specialist at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Google Scholar. The median ORFab value and N value of the patients admitted without gastrointestinal symptoms were 27.85 (IQR: 23.3733.21) and 27.86 (IQR: 23.3133.93), respectively, but the median ORFab value and N value of the patients admitted with gastrointestinal symptoms were 26.07 (IQR: 21.4730.74) and 25.78 (IQR: 21.1430.35), respectively. Tan SHX, Cook AR, Heng D, Tan KB, et al. https://covid19.who.int/. She is a credentialed school nurse in California. Theres no way we can predict anything at this point. By choosing I Accept, you consent to our use of cookies and other tracking technologies. PubMed Central You can also contribute via. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Dynamic disease manifestations among non severe COVID-19 patients without unstable medical conditions: a follow-up study --- Shanghai Municipality, China, March 22 - May 03, 2022. Privacy Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. (And, again, you should still get tested at least five days after your last exposure to someone with COVID-19.) Airborne particles from infected individuals are the most common source of transmission for all known COVID-19 variants. Please enter a valid email and try again. The arrival of Omicron has pushed daily caseloads to their highest levels and sent a stream of new coronavirus-positive people to the hospital. They can show positive test results for weeks following an infection, long after a person has stopped being contagious. The most commonly-reported symptoms with the original Omicron variant were cough, fatigue, headache, congestion, and runny nose. Cite this article. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S, et al. Our study also has several strengths. Moreover, clearance of SARS-CoV-2 from the respiratory tract occurred within 2weeks after the patients fever abated, whereas viral RNA remained positive in the faeces of paediatric patients for more than 4weeks. 3). COVID-19 testing: What you need to know. Experts say yes. The time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA-negative conversion was also significantly shorter in the three child groups combined than in the adolescent group. Information on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the Omicron BA.5.2 subvariant in children is limited. Parachute Classic's cotton towels are both comfortable and absorbent, the perfect combination for when you're nursing a hurting eye. 2007;370(9596):14537. The more symptoms you have, the more likely its a respiratory infection, Salinas says. What experts know about asymptomatic Covid is largely based on data collected during previous waves of the virus, when the omicron variants had not yet evolved and the number of people with previous immunity was low. What You Need to Know About the XBB.1.5 'Kraken' Variant. Systems serology detects functionally distinct coronavirus antibody features in children and elderly. All infected children presented with a wide range of symptoms. JAMA Pediatr. The CDC outlines the following isolation measures for COVID-19 positive cases: Mitigating the spread of asymptomatic cases is critical in slowing the spread of COVID-19. 2020;382(18):170820. Cumulative viral clearance (%) is shown. For example, the virus mainly causes infection and replication in the upper respiratory tract, due to vaccination and infection, the immunity of people around the world has been steadily improving. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. We found that negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA occurred 11.84days on average from the first positive RTPCR test. [Accessed on 29 Jul 2022]. Tolerance for pain or illness varies from person to person what one person considers a mild cold might feel like a more disruptive flu to another and a little throat tickle may not ping as sick to you in ordinary circumstances. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Belay ED, Godfred-Cato S. SARS-CoV-2 spread and hospitalisations in paediatric patients during the omicron surge. PubMed Members of the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted detailed field investigations on suspected COVID-19 paediatric patients identified by SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antigen screening, and respiratory specimens were collected for retest at the Shanghai CDC. (20210709). We accept credit card, Apple Pay, and You are fever-free for 24 hours (without the use of fever-reducing medication). ), Concertgoer lets out a loud full body orgasm while L.A. Phil plays Tchaikovskys 5th, At Willie Nelson 90, country, rock and rap stars pay tribute, but Willie and Trigger steal the show, Plaschke: Lakers live up to their legacy with a close-out win for the ages, L.A. Affairs: I had my reasons for not dating white men. Clin Infect Dis. Article 2023 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Anthony Fauci says the CDC is aware of recent pushback to its changes to isolation guidelines and may soon alter them. Nat. Third, we identified factors associated with negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and predictors of intermittent negative status in paediatric patients during the epidemic of the BA2.2 variant. Which type of test is best? Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): how is it transmitted? As for a PCR test, theres a 50% chance the test result will be positive on the first day youre infectious, Mina said, but even then, the results wouldnt be available for a couple of days because of lab-processing time. Oops. Thirdly, there is, as yet, no quantitative test for virus-specific antibodies such as immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in children and adolescents. You feel amazing, nothing bothers you.. You can also receive free tests in the mail by registering at Covid.gov. For the children with symptoms of pneumonia, progression of disease, or recurrence of underlying disease, chest computed tomography (CT) or X-ray examination, routine blood examination, serum electrolytes and other laboratory tests were performed to assess the condition and assist in diagnosis and treatment. The research was conducted in strict accordance with the rules and regulations of the Chinese government for the protection of human research participants. Although some positive and stringent measures were taken, such as the vaccination programme for children over the age of three, school closures, quarantine at home and even lockdown in the whole city, the prevalence of COVD-19 in children remained grim. In the age of omicron, when symptoms can be almost imperceptible, asymptomatic means absolutely no sniffles, coughs, or aches of any kind. statement and The median duration of virus shedding was 12 (interquartile range, IQR: 1014) days. 1 If you had symptoms and had: Moderate illness (you experienced shortness of breath or had difficulty breathing) You need to isolate through day 10. 2021;175(1):7380. Asymptomatic means you really, truly have no symptoms. They have over 4,500 five-star ratings on Amazon, with buyers attesting to their effectiveness at clearing up pink eye and relieving its pain. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. L.A. has a new answer, Epic snowpack upends rhythms of life for many species in Sierra Nevada range, Decades of failures leave L.A. County facing up to $3 billion in sex abuse claims. XBB1.1.16, or "Arcturus," is a strain of COVID-19's omicron variant. Purchases you make through the links below may earn us and our publishing partners a commission. S2A) and found that almost all of the BA.5.2 patients were IgM-negative during the first three days after admission (Supplementary Fig. We found that abnormal defecation, personal vaccination (2 doses), household vaccination rates, and the severity of clinical outcome were associated with nucleic acid negative conversion by the KaplanMeier method and Cox multivariate regression. We next compared the clinical characteristics of the four groups. Ann Transl Med. Emerg Microbes Infect. Dr. Jeane Cloete and colleagues in South Africa conducted a multicentre observational study [7] and revealed that there was a dramatic increase in the paediatric prevalence rate and the number of hospitalizations, especially children and adolescents 1year and younger, compared with any other time in the course of the pandemic [8]. In the group of children, the immune response and physiology were different from adults, such as lower expression of ACE2, elevated baseline IgM targeting coronavirus antigens and stronger early innate antiviral immune responses, which may be the reasons for low prevalence and fewer critical and severe cases in the child population [22,23,24]. Another way to avoid COVID-19 on dirty surfaces is by cleaning the surface itself. F.L. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. And so, just like a seatbelt and an airbag, neither of them are perfect, Mina said on the podcast. Since fever might precede RTPCR positivity and the electronic medical records of the patients did not provide a detailed record of the preadmission temperature, there was no specific grading of the body temperature of the febrile children. Second, children in the designated hospital are too young to accurately describe subjective symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Therefore, adequate attention should be given to the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms during the epidemic period of the variant. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Clinical characteristics, personal vaccination, and household vaccination rates were collected through electronic health records and telephone interviews. With asymptomatic COVID-19, you can still transmit the coronavirus to other people. Extended Way Day: Save up to 80% with Wayfair deals on furniture, cookware and more. After he found out his friend tested positive, the son took another rapid test, which was positive. Shanghai reports on the prevention and control of COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08223-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08223-x. Comparing the paediatric patients with and without intermittent negative status, we found that GI symptoms, including loss of appetite and abnormal defecation, were correlated with intermittent negative results. Data were gathered from the medical records of Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital during October 1st, 2022 to November 30th, 2022 on patients aged 18 years diagnosed with Omicron BA.5.2 variant. 2020;8(17):1084. Follow Reviewed on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok or Flipboard for the latest deals, product reviews and more. A Defecation, B Personal vaccination, C The severity of clinical outcome, D Household vaccination rates. For vaccination, only 12 patients received one dose, and 69 patients received two doses due to their younger age. The winter spread of coronavirus cases is worsening. Google Scholar. Analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM 26.0). Article Everyone should act as though theyve come in contact with the virus and are potentially infected, and if anything feels off beyond your normal aches and pains (like your chronic lower back pain or regular migraines), you should consider it a symptom. Consult your medical provider if your symptoms are concerning or to figure out the best plan for treating your symptoms. Compared with children aged 03 years, markly decreased monocytes counts and significantly increased hemoglobin level were observed in the three age groups. Wlfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. In this study, we summarized the clinical characteristic of children and adolescents infected with omicron BA.5.2 among the different age groups. Among the four groups, the viral clearance time was fastest in the 46y group. Do Bivalent Boosters Protect Against XBB.1.5? But if you have no symptoms, can you still spread Omicron and other variants? With the rapid rise of the BA.5 version of omicron, its become more difficult to track asymptomatic cases. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. If you have already made a financial contribution to Vox, thank you. One way to do this is by using a disinfectant wipe or spray, both of which are effective in killing the coronavirus. Truly asymptomatic cases are now likely very rare, Mina said. Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A, et al. Read our, Increasing Asymptomatic Spread of COVID-19, Months After Infection, Some Patients Continue Shedding COVID-19 in Their Feces, What You Need to Know About the Omicron BA.2.12.1 Subvariant. As many as one-third of Covid infections may be spread by people who dont have any symptoms, early Covid data suggested. Microbiota modulation of the gut-lung axis in COVID-19. Article 1i, the viral load was lowest in the youngest group and increased progressively with age, being highest in the oldest group. Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. shslczdzk04101) and Training Project of TCM Prevention and Control Ability of Infectious Diseases(Shanghai Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(ZYYB-NLPY-06)).
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