Type studies of Psilocybe sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales). Qul. Database establishment for the secondary fungal DNA barcode translational elongation factor 1 (TEF1). The Haymower's Mushroom (Panaeolus foenisecii) is common on lawns and is usually considered nonpsychoactive. Privacy Policy. However, sequences of all the genes are not available for most species. Vancouver: University of British Columbia, doi: 10.14288/1.0378696, Lee, S., Ryoo, R., Choi, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. H., and Kim, K. H. (2020). doi: 10.1111/NJB.02427, Hu, Y., Mortimer, P., Karunarathna, S., Rasp, O., Promputtha, I., Yan, K., et al. A novel experience withPanaeolus: A case study from Hawaii. Panaeolus cyanescens can be distinguished by the thinner cap which is also greyer in colour and the mushroom will bruise blue. Qulet,Panaeolus sepulcralisBerk.,Anellaria sepulchralis(Berk.) Although available studies include increasingly more detailed descriptions of species, there is currently no up to date monograph or guide (Hiland, 1978; Guzmn et al., 2004, 2016; Borovika, 2008; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013a; Corts-Prez et al., 2021). (2016). Czech Mycol. Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rRNA gene for a large subunit and their identification using the TaqMan assay (II). Separating this Panaeolus from other members of the same genus is very straight forward because this is the only common member of the clan that has a stem ring. (Actually some specimens, like the one pictured below, constutute much more than half an egg!). Other characteristics include a separable gelatinous pellicle, fringed whitish gill edges, and typically collyboid or mycenoid aspects (Stamets, 1996; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013b). (2020). 147, 1149. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Available online at: https://mushroomobserver.org/ [Accessed October 7, 2021]. Gartz, Jochen. The effects of the mushroom are manifested quite rapidly, as they usually contain a preponderance of psilocin, i.e., the actual active component. [5], Wild Panaeolus semiovatus var. nigroviridis, and Plu. Singer, R. (1986). Copyright 2022 Strauss, Ghosh, Murray and Gryzenhout. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2010.07.005. . Gymnopilus dunensis, a new species from Punjab province, Pakistan. doi: 10.1007/s11557-019-01490-6. The stem flesh is pale yellowish and very brittle. doi: 10.1002/tax.12240. Montreal: Concordia University. 13.5 cm; widely conical or bell-shaped, becoming convex or nearly flat; bald; hygrophanous; dark brown, changing to pale grayish brown, tan, or buffor with bands of these shades when in the process of drying out; often splitting radially with old age; the margin becoming finely lined. 1971. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Panaeolus - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Though nonpoisonous, it is generally regarded as inedible, and a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. Ask Erowid : Ask Erowid Found in Africa, the Americas, and Europe; contains only trace amounts ofpsilocybinand psilocin (Roth et al, 1990, 95**). Bres. Sometimes the caps are eaten raw and washed down with Coca-Cola. cubensis, Psi. Sing. Roper, R. (2003). Panaeolina foenisecii: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide Its common names are the shiny mottlegill, or egghead mottlegill. Minnis, A. M. (2008). cyanescens is the most well-known psychoactive representative (Figure 1D; Badham, 1984) and contains high levels of psilocybin, that are even higher than those found in Psilocybe species (Musshoff et al., 2000; Maruyama et al., 2003). They are characterised as LBMs with small, greyish, brown or blackish, conical- or bell-shaped caps, elongated slender stalks, attached gills and a dark brown to purple-brown to black spore print (Rumack and Spoerke, 1994; Gerhardt, 1996; Stamets, 1996; He et al., 2019). (2011b). See also the entries forPanaeolusspp. (2021). 48, 4549. Hiland, K. (1978). Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., Villalobos-Armbula, A. R., Rodrguez, A., Matheny, P. B., Snchez-Garca, M., et al. Persoonia15:11721. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. retirugis, Pan. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore [Accessed October 7, 2021]. Panaeolus cambodginiensisOlah et Heim [syn. 1990, 95**). 59, 423429. Some of the Panaeolus genus have been known to cause gastric upset. Species of Armillaria, Galerina, and Gymnopilus (such as Gymnopilus junonius, and Gymnopilus spectabilis) (Figure 1L) have been reported as poisonous (Maeta et al., 2008; Konno, 2009; Chen et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2020). Soc. Int. It was not until 1938 that the Egghead Mottlegill obtained its currently-accepted scientific name; that was when American mycologist Seth Lundell (1892 - 1966) transferred this species ito the genus Panaeolus. (2019). Japan 44, 4448. subbalteatus, Pan. Eighty one species of Psilocybe have genome sequence data available, including Psi. Pluteus is part of the Pluteaceae family (Wijayawardene et al., 2020). : Fr.) Int. Hartman, S. (2018). However, recent DNA sequence data placed the genus in Galeropsidaceae (Kalichman et al., 2020). Olah, G. M. (1969). 14, 10011004. foenisecii, Pan. et Weeks]tropical panaeolus. (2020) placed Panaeolus in incertae sedis, a taxonomic group reserved for taxons where broader relationships are unknown or undefined. antillarum, Pan. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.2.4, Shaffer, R. L., and Singer, R. (1976). squarrous (Hosen et al., 2019), and Plu. Serotonin has also been detected (Gartz 1985b). However, there have been occasional reports of hallucinations in children who have grazed on these mushrooms, suggesting that at least some . doi: 10.2307/3761920, Halling, R. E., Ammirati, J. F., Traquair, J. (Indonesian batik, twentieth century). There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. Panaeolus sylvaticus is proposed as a new species, based on macro- and micromorphological features and substrate (rotten wood and litter). In many field guides, it is erroneously listed as psychoactive, however, the mushroom does not produce any hallucinogenic effects. Ishaq, M., Karunarathna, S. C., Dauner, L., Mai Sci, C. J., Tibpromma, S., Asad, S., et al. Africa 14, 1107. Beyond cannabis: psychedelic decriminalization and social justice. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panaeolus_semiovatus_var._semiovatus&oldid=1010738498, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 March 2021, at 01:25. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Gymnopilus junonius. Badham, E. R. (1984). A Profile of Those Who Use Hallucinogenic Mushrooms, in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse (Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc), 794800. campanulatus, Pan. J. Bot. Int. Frra Delen: Skifsvampar. Redhead, S. A., and Guzmn, G. (1985). doi: 10.21829/abm100.2012.32. Rev. There are no recommended dosage instructions for Panaeolus antillarum, this may be due to the fact that it is not commonly eaten due to its bitter taste. Panaeolus semiovatus var. cinnamomea, Psi. (2011). (2019). Mycologist 13, 176179. Fungi 34, 19. and crowded. Van der Walt, R., Dames, J., and Hawley-MacMaster, G. (2020). doi: 10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8, Guzmn, G. (2009). It is generally regarded as inedible, and a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. Psilocybian mycetismus with special reference toPanaeolus. List of Psilocybin Mushroom Species (And Other Psychoactive Fungi) Panaeolus campanulatus,Panaeolus sphinctrinus] is psychoactive. . The following is a list of the about 98 Panaeolus mushroom species: [1] Panaeolus cinctulus. Type studies in five species of Psilocybe (Agaricales, basidiomycota). The specific epithet foenisecii simply refers to haymaking. Panaeolus antillarum(Fries) Dennis sensu Dennis [syn. cebolinhae, Plu. Stipe (stem): 50-60 mm long by 2-4 mm thick. Environ. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2288-z. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.156.4.3, Ma, T., Ling, X. F., and Hyde, K. D. (2016). There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. For more information, please see our Other gene regions have also been used, including the translational elongation factor 1 (TEF1), RNA polymerase II (rpb), large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (nLSU) and small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (nSSU) (Tth et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2019; Tekpinar and Kalmer, 2019). Gymnopilus penetrans and G. swaticus sp. Reg. It produces strong feelings of euphoria with visual and auditory hallucinations that may last as long as seven hours. (2007). Pan. Psychoactive tryptamines from basidiomycetes. A tropicalPanaeolusspecies that thrives on cow dung and has psychoactive effects. Medicina 41, 10671070. Pluteus species are common in tropical habitats and grow almost exclusively on well-decayed wood (Justo et al., 2011b; Desjardin and Perry, 2018). Bot. Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in "magic mushrooms," have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Beitrge zur Kenntnis der Pilze Mitteleuropas3:22327. doi: 10.1080/1355621021000005937, Peintner, U., Bougher, N. L., Castellano, M. A., Moncalvo, J. M., Moser, M. M., Trappe, J. M., et al. Cheilocystidia absent or inconspicuous and basidiole-like. Cheilocystidia 2565 x 7.510 m; cylindric to sublageniform; flexuous; with subclavate to subcapitate apices; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., and Guzmn-Dvalos, L. (2013a). Bidr. 2021:9. doi: 10.1108/OXAN-DB260709, Passie, T., Seifert, J., Schneider, U., and Emrich, H. M. (2002). Panaeolina castaneifolius(Murr.) Sacc. Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. (2014) and Ma et al. Heim, Roger, Albert Hofmann, and H. Tscherter. Panaeolus semiovatus is also native to North America, where it is equally plentiful. sphinctrinus, Pan. doi: 10.1017/S095375629800745X, Reiff, C. M., Richman, E. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Carpenter, L. L., Widge, A. S., Rodriguez, C. I., et al. Psilocybe s.s. in Thailand: Four new species and a review of previously recorded species. Addict. . In addition to the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria), Graves regardedPanaeolus papilionaceus, which is still used by Portuguese witches, as an additional candidate for the divine ambrosia and nectar (1966, 45*). The reason these mushrooms had so suddenly appeared in France was also discovered. BMC Psychiatry 19:113. Phytotaxa 428, 5159. (2003). All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. (2003). la Soc. Mushroom Observer (2021). Fascinated by Fungi. Taxonomy of Psilocybe s.l. Anamika, a new mycorrhizal genus of Cortinariaceae from India and its phylogenetic position based on ITS and LSU sequences. microspores, Pan. The generic name Panaeolus means variegated - a reference to the mottling on the gills - while the specific epithet semiovatus means 'half an egg', so Egghead Mottlegill seems appropriate but perhaps Half-an-Egghead Mottlegill would have been even better. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0048-y, evkov, H., Borovika, J., and Gates, G. (2021). This species is easily confused with the changing pholiota (Kuehneromyces mutabilis[Schaef. Afr. maturity. (2019) and Wijayawardene et al. It is widely distributed and is present in many temperate zones of the world. Pluteus is a large genus of at least 500 species and is typified by Pluteus cervinus (Figure 1G; Kirk et al., 2008; Justo et al., 2011b; Wijayawardene et al., 2020). doi: 10.3358/shokueishi.44.44, Matheny, P. B., Curtis, J. M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M. C., Moncalvo, J.-M., Ge, Z.-W., et al. Panaeolus acuminatus(Schaeffer) Qulet sensu Ricken [syn. Pharmazie40 (6): 43132. MycoKeys 63, 148. The largest genus of psilocybin mushrooms, by far, is Psilocybe, but there are also species of Panaeolus, Conocybe, Inocybe, Gymnopilus, and Pluteus that are psychoactive as well. Panaeolus cyanescens is a very potent hallucinogenic mushroom, and this results from it being a strong producer of psychoactive compounds - psilocybin and psilocin. Phylogeny of Pluteus section Celluloderma including eight new species from Brazil. Folia Microbiol 47, 327. Fungal Genomes and Genotyping, in Advances in Applied Microbiology. 1935. nov. (Agaricomycota: Hymenogastraceae); a new record and a new species from northwest Pakistan. Mm. 8-18 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; equal above a slightly enlarged base; smooth or powdery; whitish; with a high, thin ring that becomes blackened by spores and often disappears. Nord. F. Mycol. doi: 10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1, Mullineux, T., and Hausner, G. (2009). For example, Galerina autumnalis looks similar to Psilocybe stuntzii (Figure 1C), and results in sharp abdominal pain, violent vomiting, liver and kidney failure leading to possible death in 7 to 10 days if consumed accidentally (Stamets, 1996). See also the entries forPanaeolus cyanescensandPanaeouls subbalteatus. Nichols, D. E. (2016). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Copelandia tropicales(Olah) Sing. Phylogeny of the Pluteaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota): Taxonomy and character evolution. Gymnopilusspp.). doi: 10.5248/134.739, Flaherty, G. T., Maxemous, K. K., Nossier, R. E., and Bui, Y. G. (2017). In the early 1960s, reports emerged from southern France of strange intoxications produced by mushrooms that grew on horse dung. Spores 15-21 x 8-11 ; smooth; more or less elliptical; often with a pore; dark brown in KOH. doi: 10.1007/S12272-020-01213-6, Lenz, C., Wick, J., Braga, D., GarciaAltares, M., Lackner, G., Hertweck, C., et al. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. (2011a). thaizapoteca (Guzmn et al., 2012; Li et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2014). Ma, T. (2014). The latter is distinguished by a rust-brown to the gray-brown, nonviscid cap, lack of annulus, and a . 1969. Up to date taxonomic monographs are also needed for each of the genera containing psychoactive species. Limpopo: Retha van der Walt. Gymnopilus typically include lignicolous species that grow on wood as well as grassy areas with decomposing wood (Guzmn-Dvalos et al., 2003). Gills: On the underside of fruiting body, turning black with age. 1:1923. Thesis. Panaeolus papilionaceusis a common species found throughout the world. Vergiftungen durch Dngerlinge. Rogan, J. (2000). Pocket Guide Mushrooms of South Africa. Panaeolus antillarum gained notoriety as the Hysteria fungus in Australia in the 1940s due to being associated with hallucinations following consumption, further clarification identified a different species Panaeolus cyanescens that although macroscopically similar they are different mushrooms. is more slender (cap 24cm), and lacks the ring. Panaeolus separatusGillet,Anellaria separataKarst.]. Fungal Divers 99, 105367. Breitfeld, Matthias. Soud Lek. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The secotioid genus Galeropsis (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota): a real taxonomic unit or ecological phenomenon? doi: 10.2307/3759505, Schoch, C. L., Seifert, K. A., Huhndorf, S., Robert, V., Spouge, J. L., Levesque, C. A., et al. Proc. doi: 10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z, Justo, A., Vizzini, A., Minnis, A. M., Menolli, N., Capelari, M., Rodrguez, O., et al. Usually larger with veil remnants on edge of cap or stalk. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Effectiveness of ITS and sub-regions as DNA barcode markers for the identification of Basidiomycota (Fungi). Angew. 21:7. BMC Microbiol. In Java, it may possibly have a long tradition of use as a ritual drug. Noordeloos, M. E. (2011). doi: 10.5248/119.65. (2016). Expert Brief. 10th ed. Found throughout North America; may containpsilocybin. (1879). 17:42. doi: 10.1186/s12866-017-0958-x, Bashir, H., Jabeen, S., Bashir, H., and Khalid, A. N. (2020). Synonyms of Panaeolus semiovatus include Agaricus separatus L., Agaricus ciliaris Bolton, Agaricus semiovatus Sowerby, Coprinus ciliatus (Bolton) Gray, Coprinus semiovatus (Sowerby) Gray, Panaeolus separatus L.) Gillet, Anellaria separata ( L.) P. The stem is bare.Smell: Fungal.Taste: Bitter, fungal and unpleasant.Spores: Ellipsoid in shape. minor Sacc., Anellaria fimiputris, Panaeolus fimiputris, and Anellaria semiovata (Sowerby) A. Pearson & Dennis. (2006). Contains 0.55 to 0.6%psilocybinand psilocin (Merlin and Allen 1993). Panaeolus olivaceus is a weakly psychoactive mushroom species. Coprinaceae (Ink Caps); Subfamily Panaeoloideae The cosmopolitan genusPanaeolus, with more than twenty species, forms fragile fruiting bodies that are small to medium in size. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The statements made on healing-mushrooms.net have NOT been evaluated by the FDA. . Coprophilic fungi | Project Noah This juice is mixed with coffee (cf. J. Analyse der Indolderivate in Fruchtkrpern und Mycelien vonPanaeolus subbalteatus(Berk. Thesis. Meyer, W., Irinyi, L., Hoang, M. T. V., Robert, V., Garcia-Hermoso, D., Desnos-Ollivier, M., et al. Close up of cap and gills. The thin rather brittle cap flesh is off-white. Celluloderma, Pluteaceae) from northeast China. Panaeolus means variegated - and indeed the caps of many Panaeolus species are zoned, but the generic name is not a reference to the cap coloring but to the mottled or variegated coloring of the gills. phalaenarum (Fr.) Non-coprophilic species, such as Panaeolus bisporus, grow in grassy areas (Senn-Irlet et al., 1999). Psilocybin, a serotonergic hallucinogen, is the main psychoactive substance found in psychedelic mushrooms, and alters perception and mood, and produces hallucinations in individuals who ingest them (Nichols, 2016). Phylogenetic relationships in the mushroom genus Coprinus and dark-spored allies based on sequence data from the nuclear gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA: divergent domains, outgroups, and monophyly. Karst., Anellaria separata var. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30065-7, Castellanos, J. P., Woolley, C., Bruno, K. A., Zeidan, F., Halberstadt, A., and Furnish, T. (2020). doi: 10.33585/cmy.60202, Borovika, J., Obornk, M., Stbrn, J., Noordeloos, M. E., Parra Snchez, L. A., and Gryndler, M. (2015). Panaeolus antillarum: Identification and Information Am. Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Holarctic species of Pluteus section Pluteus (Agaricales: Pluteaceae), with description of twelve new species. Vet. Botany 91, 573591. is largely based morphologically (Maruyama et al., 2006; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013b; Borovika et al., 2015). PLoS One 8:e63972. 39:389. doi: 10.2307/4638477, Konno, K. (2009). Ever wondered why some Mushroom Supplements are so cheap? Journal of Psychedelic Drugs8 (1): 4357. Panaeolusspp.). 1966. (PDF) A new species of Panaeolus (Agaricales - ResearchGate Brittonia 39:25. doi: 10.2307/2806968, Hanks, J. I found an old book in a libary that said it was the one used by the Aztecs as a hallucinagen. Also observed in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. Fungal Divers 64, 123131. amzn_assoc_asins = "B07BNVWFKZ,B01E9GDRW8,B01E9LKF14,B07BNX6KCZ"; Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Panaeolus semiovatus, Egghead Mottlegill mushroom galindoi, Psi. Discrimination of psychoactive fungi (commonly called magic mushrooms) based on the DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region. amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; semiovatus, also known as Panaeolus semiovatus and Anellaria separata, is a medium-sized buff-colored mushroom/toadstool that grows on horse dung, and has black spores. I found an old book in a libary that said it was the one used by the Aztecs as a hallucinagen. Dunkelrandiger dngerling, gezoneerde vlek plaat (Dutch), gezonter dngerling, magusotake (Japanese, horse pasture mushroom). Panaeolus (Fr.) Reingardiene, D., Vilcinskaite, J., and Lazauskas, R. (2005). Saprobic; growing alone to gregariously on lawns, in meadows, and in other grassy areas; widely distributed in North America, but apparently less common in the southeastern states (judging from online herbarium records); late spring, summer, and fall, or overwinter in warmer climates. karstedtiae, Plu. USA 109, 62416246. 100, 79106. tude chromataxinomique sur lesPanaeolus, recherches sur les prsences des corps indoliques psychotropes dans ces champignons. This old English illustration of poisonous mushrooms or those that are usually not eaten may represent aPanaeolusspecies with a wavy cap. Chemie Int. No traditional uses of this mushroom are known. Aust. *Correspondence: Marieka Gryzenhout, gryzenhoutm@ufs.ac.za, The Most Important Genera Containing Psychedelic Species, https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/psilocybin-legal-therapy-mdma-753946/, https://sonix.ai/r/gf7b9enjv94nkrpJ1KqEa8mk/transcript.pdf, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTAPaHcLAhw, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Pluteus includes a few species that are psilocybin producing. et Torr. (Photographed near the Externsteine, a series of standing stones), The cover of this CD by Shaw Blades, with the telling titleHallucination, features specimens ofPanaeolus subbalteatusin the right foreground. Mycotaxon 3, 179193. Although the lower two-thirds of the stipe is the same colour as as the cap, the colour becomes noticeably paler towards the apex. 3-9 cm; irregularly egg-shaped, becoming broadly conic or convex; slimy when fresh; often slightly wrinkled, but bald; whitish to pale tan; soft; the margin not lined; occasionally with hanging partial veil fragments. (2004). SG, ZM, and MG supervised and edited. Mycol. Karsten, P. A. The highs and lows of drug tourism: A travel medicine perspective. These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. Psilocybin a psilocinu v nkterch druzch hub [Levels of psilocybin and psilocin in various types of mushrooms]. At least 13 species of Panaeolus are bluing and potentially psychedelic including Panaeolus africanus, Pan.
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